Editing Ion Antonescu (section)

===Antonescu-Sima partnership===
[[File:HoriaSimaIonAntonescuMiguelDeRumaniaPactoTripartito.jpeg|thumb|250px|[[Horia Sima]], Antonescu and King [[Michael I of Romania]], 1940]]
The resulting regime, deemed the ''[[National Legionary State]]'', was officially proclaimed on 14 September. On that date, the Iron Guard was remodelled into [[One-party state|the only legally permitted party]] in Romania. Antonescu continued as Premier and ''Conducător'', and was named as the Guard's honorary commander. Sima became Deputy Premier and leader of the Guard.<ref name=r1/><ref>''Final Report'', pp. 43, 46, 54, 62, 109–112; Browning, p. 211; Deletant, pp. 1–2, 57–68; Gella, p. 171; Geran Pilon, p. 59; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ioanid, pp. 231–232; Kelso, pp. 96–97; Nicholls, p. 6; Ornea, pp. 58, 215–216, 327–329; Veiga, pp. 281–283</ref><ref name="pddlroutl">Peter Davies, Derek Lynch, ''The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right'', [[Routledge]], London, 2002, p. 196. {{ISBN|0-415-21494-7}}.</ref><ref name=Payne>{{cite book|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn|url-access=registration|last=Payne|first=Stanley|author-link=Stanley G. Payne|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|date=1995|isbn=0203501322}}</ref> Antonescu subsequently ordered the Guardists imprisoned by Carol to be set free.<ref>Ornea, p. 215</ref> On 6 October, he presided over the Iron Guard's mass rally in Bucharest, one in a series of major celebratory and commemorative events organized by the movement during the late months of 1940.<ref>Deletant, p. 59; Ornea, p. 333</ref> However, he tolerated the PNȚ and PNL's informal existence, allowing them to preserve much of their political support.<ref>Deletant, pp. 74–75; Veiga, pp. 280–281, 304</ref>

There followed a short-lived and always uneasy partnership between Antonescu and Sima. In late September, the new regime denounced all pacts, accords and diplomatic agreements signed under Carol, bringing the country into Germany's orbit while subverting its relationship with a former [[Balkans|Balkan]] ally, the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]].<ref>Haynes, p. 102</ref> Germans troops entered the country in stages, in order to defend the local oil industry<ref>Browning, p. 211; Deletant, p. 61</ref> and help instruct their Romanian counterparts on ''[[Blitzkrieg]]'' tactics.<ref>''Final Report'', p. 62; Deletant, p. 61; Veiga, pp. 295–296</ref> On 23 November, Antonescu was in [[Berlin]], where his signature sealed Romania's commitment to the main Axis instrument, the [[Tripartite Pact]].<ref name=r1/><ref>Deletant, pp. 1, 2–3, 61–62, 280; Haynes, pp. 102, 107; Nicholls, p. 225; Veiga, p. 296</ref> Two days later, the country also adhered to the Nazi-led [[Anti-Comintern Pact]].<ref>Nicholls, p. 225</ref> Other than these generic commitments, Romania had no treaty binding it to Germany, and the Romanian-German alliance functioned informally.<ref>Cioroianu, p. 54; Deletant, pp. 62, 92, 275</ref> Speaking in 1946, Antonescu claimed to have followed the pro-German path in continuation of earlier policies, and for fear of a Nazi [[protectorate]] in Romania.<ref>Deletant, p. 51</ref>

During the National Legionary State period, earlier antisemitic legislation was upheld and strengthened, while the "[[Romanianization]]" of Jewish-owned enterprises became standard official practice.<ref name=r1/><ref>''Final Report'', pp. 19–20, 31, 103, 109–113, 181–183, 185–190, 202–208, 382–385; Achim, pp. 163, 167; Browning, p. 211; Deletant, pp. 59, 62–63, 103–108, 251–252; Kelso, pp. 100–101; Ornea, pp. 331, 393–394; Veiga, pp. 289–290, 296, 301</ref> Immediately after coming into office, Antonescu himself expanded the anti-Jewish and [[Nuremberg Laws|Nuremberg law]]-inspired legislation passed by his predecessors Goga and [[Ion Gigurtu]],<ref>''Final Report'', pp. 19–20, 31, 43, 87, 116–117, 183–199, 320, 384; Deletant, pp. 103–108, 131, 308–314; Ioanid, pp. 231–232; Ornea, p. 391; Weber, p. 160</ref> while tens of new anti-Jewish regulations were passed in 1941–1942.<ref>''Final Report'', pp. 183–203, 320; Deletant, pp. 103–107, 131, 308–314</ref> This was done despite his formal pledge to [[Wilhelm Filderman]] and the [[Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania|Jewish Communities Federation]] that, unless engaged in "sabotage," "the Jewish population will not suffer."<ref>''Final Report'', pp. 206–207; Deletant, pp. 58, 104</ref> Antonescu did not reject the application of Legionary policies, but was offended by Sima's advocacy of [[Paramilitary|paramilitarism]] and the Guard's frequent recourse to street violence.<ref name=r1/><ref>''Final Report'', pp. 46, 109–113, 117–118, 181–182, 186; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 32–33, 317; Deletant, pp. 55–57, 58–68, 104–105; Gella, p. 171; Griffin (1993), pp. 126–127; Ornea, pp. 332–341; Roper, p. 8; Veiga, p. 282</ref> He drew much hostility from his partners by extending some protection to former dignitaries whom the Iron Guard had arrested.<ref>Deletant, p. 60</ref> One early incident opposed Antonescu to the Guard's newspaper ''[[Buna Vestire]]'', which accused him of leniency and was subsequently forced to change its editorial board.<ref>Ornea, pp. 334–335</ref> By then, the Legionary press was routinely claiming that he was obstructing revolution and aiming to take control of the Iron Guard, and that he had been transformed into a tool of [[Freemasonry in Romania|Freemasonry]] (''see [[Anti-Masonry]]'').<ref>Ornea, pp. 338–339, 341–343; Veiga, pp. 291, 297</ref> The political conflict coincided with major social challenges, including the influx of refugees from areas lost earlier in the year and a [[1940 Bucharest earthquake|large-scale earthquake affecting Bucharest]].<ref>Deletant, pp. 21, 24, 26, 131, 139–140, 318; Veiga, pp. 282–283, 290–291, 300–301, 305</ref>

Disorder peaked in the last days of November 1940, when, after uncovering the circumstances of Codreanu's death, the fascist movement ordered retaliations against political figures previously associated with Carol, carrying out the [[Jilava Massacre]], the assassinations of [[Nicolae Iorga]] and [[Virgil Madgearu]], and several other acts of violence.<ref name=r1/><ref>''Final Report'', pp. 46, 110–111; Deletant, pp. 60–61, 297–298, 302; Ornea, pp. 335–341, 347; Veiga, pp. 291–294, 311–312</ref> As retaliation for this insubordination, Antonescu ordered the Army to resume control of the streets,<ref>''Final Report'', pp. 110–111; Veiga, pp. 293–295</ref> unsuccessfully pressured Sima to have the assassins detained, ousted the Iron Guardist prefect of Bucharest [[Romanian Police|Police]] [[Ștefan Zăvoianu]], and ordered Legionary ministers to swear an oath to the ''Conducător''.<ref>Ornea, p. 341</ref> His condemnation of the killings was nevertheless limited and discreet, and, the same month, he joined Sima at a burial ceremony for Codreanu's newly discovered remains.<ref>Ornea, p. 341; Veiga, pp. 294–295</ref> The widening gap between the dictator and Sima's party resonated in Berlin. When, in December, Legionary [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Foreign Minister]] [[Mihail R. Sturdza]] obtained the replacement of Fabricius with [[Manfred Freiherr von Killinger]], perceived as more sympathetic to the Iron Guard, Antonescu promptly took over leadership of the ministry, with the compliant diplomat [[Constantin Greceanu]] as his right hand.<ref>Deletant, pp. 63, 301</ref> In Germany, such leaders of the [[Nazi Party]] as [[Heinrich Himmler]], [[Baldur von Schirach]] and [[Joseph Goebbels]] threw their support behind the Legionaries,<ref name=r1/><ref>''Final Report'', pp. 62–63; Veiga, pp. 280, 296</ref> whereas [[List of German foreign ministers|Foreign Minister]] [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] and the [[Wehrmacht]] stood by Antonescu.<ref name=r1/> The latter group was concerned that any internal conflict would threaten Romania's oil industry, vital to the German war effort.<ref name=r1/><ref>Deletant, pp. 25–27, 47, 61, 287</ref> The German leadership was by then secretly organizing ''[[Operation Barbarossa]]'', the attack on the Soviet Union.<ref>''Final Report'', p. 63; Deletant, pp. 61–62, 76–78</ref><ref name="r2">Delia Radu, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2008/08/080801_serial_antonescu_episod2.shtml "Serialul 'Ion Antonescu și asumarea istoriei' (2)"], [[BBC]], Romanian edition, 1 August 2008.</ref>