Editing Interoperability (section)

=== Flood risk management ===
Interoperability is used by researchers in the context of urban [[flood risk management]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vercruysse|first1=Kim|last2=Dawson|first2=David A.|last3=Wright|first3=Nigel|title=Interoperability: A conceptual framework to bridge the gap between multifunctional and multisystem urban flood management|journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|language=en|pages=e12535|doi=10.1111/jfr3.12535|issn=1753-318X|year=2019|volume=12|issue=S2 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2535V }}</ref>&nbsp; Cities and urban areas worldwide are expanding, which creates complex spaces with many interactions between the environment, infrastructure and people. &nbsp;To address this complexity and manage water in urban areas appropriately, a [[system of systems]] approach to water and [[flood control]] is necessary. In this context, interoperability is important to facilitate system-of-systems thinking,&nbsp;and is defined as: "the ability of any water management system to redirect water and make use of other system(s) to maintain or enhance its performance function during water exceedance events."<ref>{{citation |title=Achieving Urban Flood Resilience in an Uncertain Future  |year=2019 |doi=10.3390/w11051082|doi-access=free |last1=Fenner |first1=Richard |last2=o'Donnell |first2=Emily |last3=Ahilan |first3=Sangaralingam |last4=Dawson |first4=David |last5=Kapetas |first5=Leon |last6=Krivtsov |first6=Vladimir |last7=Ncube |first7=Sikhululekile |last8=Vercruysse |first8=Kim |journal=Water |volume=11 |issue=5 |page=1082 |hdl=10871/37244 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> By assessing the complex properties of urban infrastructure systems, particularly the interoperability between the [[drainage]] systems and other urban systems (e.g. infrastructure such as transport), it could be possible to expand the capacity of the overall system to manage flood water towards achieving improved urban flood resilience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urbanfloodresilience.ac.uk/|title=Urban Flood Resilience|website=www.urbanfloodresilience.ac.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref>