Editing International Space Station (section)

==Construction==
===Manufacturing===
{{main|Manufacture of the International Space Station}}
[[File:SSPF interior.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Harmony (ISS module)|''Harmony'']] in the [[Space Systems Processing Facility|Space Station Processing Facility]]]]

The International Space Station is a product of global collaboration, with its components manufactured across the world.

The modules of the [[Russian Orbital Segment]], including ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'' and ''[[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]]'', were produced at the [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] in Moscow. ''Zvezda'' was initially manufactured in 1985 as a component for the ''[[Mir-2]]'' space station, which was never launched.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Building ISS|url=https://nara.getarchive.net/collections/building-iss-timeline|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028222416/https://nara.getarchive.net/collections/building-iss-timeline|archive-date=28 October 2021|access-date=28 October 2021|website=U.S. National Archives & DVIDS}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=ISS Zvezda|url=http://www.astronautix.com/i/isszvezda.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820144918/http://www.astronautix.com/i/isszvezda.html|archive-date=20 August 2016|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref>

Much of the [[US Orbital Segment]], including the ''[[Destiny (ISS module)|Destiny]]'' and ''[[Unity (ISS module)|Unity]]'' modules, the [[Integrated Truss Structure]], and [[Electrical system of the International Space Station|solar arrays]], were built at NASA's [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]] and [[Michoud Assembly Facility]] in [[New Orleans]].<ref name=":4" /> These components underwent final assembly and processing for launch at the [[Operations and Checkout Building]] and the [[Space Station Processing Facility]] (SSPF) at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida.<ref name="nasa-20160219">{{Cite web|date=19 February 2016|editor-last=Harbaugh|editor-first=Jennifer|title=Manufacturing Key Parts of the International Space Station: Unity and Destiny|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/stations/images/manufacturing-key-parts-of-ISS-unity-and-destiny|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124184657/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/manufacturing-key-parts-of-international-space-station-unity-destiny/|archive-date=24 November 2023|access-date=15 February 2019|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref>

The US Orbital Segment also hosts the [[Columbus (ISS module)|''Columbus'']] module contributed by the [[European Space Agency]] and built in Germany, the [[Kibō (ISS module)|''Kibō'']] module contributed by [[JAXA|Japan]] and built at the [[Tsukuba Space Center]] and the [[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]], along with the [[Canadarm2]] and [[Dextre]], a joint Canadian-U.S. endeavor. All of these components were shipped to the SSPF for launch processing.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="nasa-img-ksc-08pd0991">{{Cite web|last=Shiflett|first=Kim|date=22 April 2008|title=KSC-08pd0991|url=https://images.nasa.gov/details/KSC-08pd0991|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124185310/https://images.nasa.gov/details/KSC-08pd0991|archive-date=24 November 2023|access-date=5 July 2019|website=NASA Image and Video Library|quote=In the Space Station Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, an overhead crane moves the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module – Pressurized Module toward the payload canister (lower right). The canister will deliver the module, part of the payload for space shuttle Discovery's STS-124 mission, to Launch Pad 39A. On the mission, the STS-124 crew will transport the Kibo module as well as the Japanese Remote Manipulator System to the International Space Station to complete the Kibo laboratory. The launch of Discovery is targeted for May 31.|location=Cape Canaveral, Florida}}</ref>

===Assembly===
{{main|Assembly of the International Space Station|List of ISS spacewalks}}
[[File:ISS-assembly-animation.gif|right|thumb|upright=1.8|Animation of the [[assembly of the International Space Station]]]]
The assembly of the International Space Station, a major endeavour in [[space architecture]], began in November 1998.<ref name="OnOrbit">{{cite web|date=18 February 2010|title=On-Orbit Elements|url=http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/pdfs/on_orbit.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013438/http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/pdfs/on_orbit.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2009|access-date=19 June 2010|publisher=NASA}}</ref>

Modules in the Russian segment launched and docked autonomously, with the exception of ''[[Rassvet (ISS module)|Rassvet]]''. Other modules and components were delivered by the [[Space Shuttle]], which then had to be installed by astronauts either remotely using robotic arms or during spacewalks, more formally known as [[Extravehicular activity|extra-vehicular activities]] (EVAs). By 5&nbsp;June 2011 astronauts had made over 159 EVAs to add components to the station, totaling more than 1,000 hours in space.<ref name="ISStD">{{cite web|date=9 March 2011|title=The ISS to Date|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/isstodate.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611163133/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/isstodate.html|archive-date=11 June 2015|access-date=21 March 2011|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref name="mcc">{{cite web|last=Dismukes|first=Kim <!--curator-->|date=1 December 2002|title=Mission Control Answers Your Questions: STS-113 Q17|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/mcc/sts-113/11_23_20_01_179.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724020141/https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/mcc/sts-113/11_23_20_01_179.html|archive-date=24 July 2020|access-date=14 June 2009|website=spaceflight.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA}}</ref>
[[File:ISS from Atlantis - Sts101-714-016.jpg|thumb|''Zarya'' and ''Unity'', the first two modules of the ISS, pictured in May 2000]]
The foundation for the ISS was laid with the launch of the Russian-built ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'' module atop a [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton rocket]] on 20&nbsp;November 1998. ''Zarya'' provided propulsion, [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]], communications, and electrical power. Two weeks later on 4 December 1998, the American-made ''[[Unity (ISS module)|Unity]]'' was ferried aboard [[Space Shuttle]] [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|''Endeavour'']] on [[STS-88]] and joined with ''Zarya''. ''Unity'' provided the connection between the Russian and US segments of the station and would provide ports to connect future modules and visiting spacecraft.

While the connection of two modules built on different continents, by nations that were once bitter rivals was a significant milestone, these two initial modules lacked life support systems and the ISS remained unmanned for the next two years. At the time, the Russian station ''[[Mir]]'' was still inhabited.

The turning point arrived in July 2000 with the launch of the ''[[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]]'' module. Equipped with living quarters and life-support systems, ''Zvezda'' enabled continuous human presence aboard the station. The first crew, [[Expedition 1]], arrived that November aboard [[Soyuz TM-31]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 1999|title=NASA Facts. The Service Module: A Cornerstone of Russian International Space Station Modules|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/servmod.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823230702/https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/servmod.pdf|archive-date=23 August 2020|website=spaceflight.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|id=IS-1999-09-ISS019JSC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=STS-88|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-88/mission-sts-88.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073849/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-88/mission-sts-88.html|archive-date=6 June 2011|access-date=19 April 2011|publisher=Science.ksc.nasa.gov}}</ref>

The ISS grew steadily over the following years, with modules delivered by both Russian rockets and the Space Shuttle.

Expedition 1 arrived midway between the Space Shuttle flights of missions [[STS-92]] and [[STS-97]]. These two flights each added segments of the station's [[Integrated Truss Structure]], which provided the station with [[Ku band]] communications, additional attitude control needed for the additional mass of the USOS, and additional solar arrays.<ref>{{cite web|title=STS-92|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-92/mission-sts-92.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305072211/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-92/mission-sts-92.html|archive-date=5 March 2011|access-date=19 April 2011|publisher=Science.ksc.nasa.gov}}</ref> Over the next two years, the station continued to expand. A [[Soyuz-U]] rocket delivered the [[Pirs (ISS module)|''Pirs'' docking compartment]]. The Space Shuttles ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'', and ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' delivered the American ''[[Destiny (ISS module)|Destiny]]'' laboratory and [[Quest Joint Airlock|''Quest'' airlock]], in addition to the station's main robot arm, the [[Canadarm2]], and several more segments of the Integrated Truss Structure.

Tragedy struck in 2003 with the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|loss of the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']], which grounded the rest of the Shuttle fleet, halting construction of the ISS.[[File:International Space Station after undocking of STS-132.jpg|thumb|The ISS as seen from Space Shuttle Atlantis during [[STS-132]], pictured in May 2010]]Assembly resumed in 2006 with the arrival of [[STS-115]] with ''Atlantis'', which delivered the station's second set of solar arrays. Several more truss segments and a third set of arrays were delivered on [[STS-116]], [[STS-117]], and [[STS-118]]. As a result of the major expansion of the station's power-generating capabilities, more modules could be accommodated, and the US ''[[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony]]'' module and ''[[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]]'' European laboratory were added. These were soon followed by the first two components of the Japanese ''[[Kibo (ISS module)|Kibō]]'' laboratory. In March 2009, [[STS-119]] completed the Integrated Truss Structure with the installation of the fourth and final set of solar arrays. The final section of ''Kibō'' was delivered in July 2009 on [[STS-127]], followed by the Russian ''[[Poisk (ISS module)|Poisk]]'' module. The US ''[[Tranquility (ISS module)|Tranquility]]'' module was delivered in February 2010 during [[STS-130]], alongside the ''[[Cupola (ISS module)|Cupola]]'', followed by the penultimate Russian module, ''[[Rassvet (ISS module)|Rassvet]]'', in May 2010. ''Rassvet'' was delivered by Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' on [[STS-132]] in exchange for the Russian Proton delivery of the US-funded ''Zarya'' module in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mini-Research Module 1 (MIM1) Rassvet (MRM-1)|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_mim1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825094354/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_mim1.html|archive-date=25 August 2011|access-date=12 July 2011|website=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> The last pressurised module of the USOS, ''[[Leonardo (ISS module)|Leonardo]]'', was brought to the station in February 2011 on the final flight of ''Discovery'', [[STS-133]].<ref name="nasa-sts-133">{{Cite web|title=STS-133|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/sts-133/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120173518/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/sts-133/|archive-date=20 November 2023|access-date=1 September 2014|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref>

Russia's new primary research module ''Nauka'' docked in July 2021,<ref name="tass-20210928">{{Cite news|date=28 September 2011|title=Crewed spacecraft docked to ISS's module Nauka first time|url=https://tass.com/science/1343409|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810145340/https://tass.com/science/1343409|archive-date=10 August 2023|access-date=11 October 2021|agency=[[TASS]]}}</ref> along with the European Robotic Arm which can relocate itself to different parts of the Russian modules of the station.<ref name="tass-20190325">{{Cite news|date=25 March 2019|title=Рогозин подтвердил, что на модуль "Наука" поставят баки от разгонного блока "Фрегат"|trans-title=Rogozin confirmed that the module 'Science' placed the tanks from the upper stage 'Frigate'|url=https://tass.ru/kosmos/6253886|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810144639/https://tass.ru/kosmos/6253886|archive-date=10 August 2023|access-date=31 March 2019|agency=[[TASS]]|language=ru}}</ref> Russia's latest addition, the [[Prichal (ISS module)|''Prichal'']] module, docked in November 2021.<ref name="roscomos-20211126">{{Cite press release|title=Новый модуль вошел в состав российского сегмента МКС|date=26 November 2021|publisher=[[Roscosmos]]|url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/33473/|language=ru|access-date=6 May 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127013431/https://www.roscosmos.ru/33473/|archive-date=27 November 2021|trans-title=A new module has entered the composition of the Russian segment of the ISS}}</ref>

As of February 2025, nasa.gov states that there are 43 different modules and elements installed on the ISS. https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/international-space-station-assembly-elements/