Editing Interjection (section)

==Interjections across languages==
Interjections can take very different forms and meanings across cultures. For instance, the English interjections ''gee'' and ''wow'' have no direct equivalent in Polish, and the closest equivalent for Polish '<nowiki/>''fu'<nowiki/>'' (an interjection of disgust) is the different sounding '<nowiki/>''Yuck!''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/0378-2166(92)90050-L| issn = 0378-2166| volume = 18| issue = 2–3| pages = 159–192| last = Wierzbicka| first = Anna| title = The semantics of interjection| journal = Journal of Pragmatics| date = September 1992}}</ref> Curses likewise are famously language-specific and colourful.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Penguin| last1 = Dodson| first1 = Stephen| last2 = Vanderplank| first2 = Robert| title = Uglier Than a Monkey's Armpit: Untranslatable Insults, Put-Downs, and Curses from Around the World| date = 2009}}</ref> On the other hand, interjections that manage social interaction may be more similar across languages. For instance, the word '<nowiki/>''Huh?''<nowiki/>', used when one has not caught what someone just said, is remarkably similar in 31 spoken languages around the world, prompting claims that it may be a universal word. Similar observations have been made for the interjections '''Oh!''<nowiki/>'  (meaning, roughly, "now I see") and '<nowiki/>''Mm/m-hm''<nowiki/>' (with the meaning "keep talking, I'm with you").<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0078273| volume = 8| issue = 11| pages = –78273| last1 = Dingemanse| first1 = Mark| last2 = Torreira| first2 = Francisco| last3 = Enfield| first3 = N. J.| title = Is "''Huh?''" a universal word? Conversational infrastructure and the convergent evolution of linguistic items| journal = PLOS ONE| date = 2013| pmid=24260108| pmc=3832628| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...878273D| doi-access = free}}</ref>

Across languages, interjections often use special sounds and syllable types that are not commonly used in other parts of the vocabulary. For instance, interjections like '<nowiki/>''brr'<nowiki/>'' and '<nowiki/>''shh!''<nowiki/>' are made entirely of consonants, where in virtually all languages, words have to feature at least one vowel-like element. Some, like '<nowiki/>''tut-tut''<nowiki/>' and '''ahem''<nowiki/>', are written like normal words, but their actual production involves [[click consonant|clicks]] or throat-clearing.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1075/pc.11.1.04wha| volume = 11| pages = 39–91| last = Wharton| first = Tim| title = Interjections, language, and the 'showing/saying' continuum| journal = Pragmatics & Cognition| date = 2003| citeseerx = 10.1.1.233.1876}}</ref> The phonetic atypicality of some interjections is one reason they have traditionally been considered as lying outside the realm of language.