Editing Insulin (section)

=== Oscillations ===
{{Main|Insulin oscillations}}

[[File:Pancreas insulin oscillations.svg|thumb|250px|Insulin release from pancreas oscillates with a period of 3–6&nbsp;minutes.<ref name="hellman" />]]

Even during digestion, in general, one or two hours following a meal, insulin release from the pancreas is not continuous, but [[oscillates]] with a period of 3–6&nbsp;minutes, changing from generating a blood insulin concentration more than about 800 [[pico-|p]] [[unit mole|mol]]/l to less than 100 pmol/L (in rats).<ref name="hellman">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hellman B, Gylfe E, Grapengiesser E, Dansk H, Salehi A |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6018588 | title = [Insulin oscillations—clinically important rhythm. Antidiabetics should increase the pulsative component of the insulin release] |language=sv | journal = Läkartidningen | volume = 104 | issue = 32–33 | pages = 2236–39 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17822201 }}</ref> This is thought to avoid [[receptor downregulation|downregulation]] of [[insulin receptor]]s in target cells, and to assist the liver in extracting insulin from the blood.<ref name="hellman" /> This oscillation is important to consider when administering insulin-stimulating medication, since it is the oscillating blood concentration of insulin release, which should, ideally, be achieved, not a constant high concentration.<ref name="hellman" /> This may be achieved by [[Pulsatile insulin|delivering insulin rhythmically]] to the [[portal vein]], by light activated delivery, or by [[islet cell transplantation]] to the liver.<ref name="hellman" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarode BR, Kover K, Tong PY, Zhang C, Friedman SH | title = Light Control of Insulin Release and Blood Glucose Using an Injectable Photoactivated Depot | journal = Molecular Pharmaceutics | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 3835–3841 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27653828 | pmc = 5101575 | doi = 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00633 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jain PK, Karunakaran D, Friedman SH | url = https://piyushjain.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Construction%20of%20a%20Photoactivated%20Insulin%20Depot.pdf | title = Construction of a photoactivated insulin depot | journal = Angewandte Chemie | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 1404–9 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23208858 | doi = 10.1002/anie.201207264 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-date = 2 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191102205134/http://piyushjain.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Construction%20of%20a%20Photoactivated%20Insulin%20Depot.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>