Editing Inner Mongolia (section)

=== People's Republic of China ===

The Communist movement gradually gained momentum as part of the Third Communist International in Inner Mongolia during the Japanese period. By the end of WWII, the Inner Mongolian faction of the ComIntern had a functional militia and actively opposed the attempts at independence by De Wang's Chinggisid princes on the grounds of fighting feudalism. Following the end of [[World War II]], the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communists]] gained control of Manchuria as well as the Inner Mongolian Communists with decisive Soviet support and established the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947. The Comintern army was absorbed into the People's Liberation Army. Initially, the autonomous region included just the Hulunbuir region. Over the next decade, as the communists established the [[People's Republic of China]] and consolidated control over mainland China, Inner Mongolia was expanded westwards to include five of the six original leagues (except Josutu League, which remains in [[Liaoning]] province), the northern part of the Chahar region, by then a league as well (southern Chahar remains in [[Hebei]] province), the Hetao region, and the Alashan and Ejine banners. Eventually, nearly all areas with sizeable Mongol populations were incorporated into the region, giving present-day Inner Mongolia its elongated shape. The leader of Inner Mongolia during that time, as both regional CPC secretary and head of regional government, was [[Ulanhu]].

During the [[Cultural Revolution]], the administration of Ulanhu was purged, and a wave of repressions was initiated against the Mongol population of the autonomous region.<ref>David Sneath, "The Impact of the Cultural Revolution in China on the Mongolians of Inner Mongolia", in ''Modern Asian Studies'', Vol. 28, No. 2 (May 1994), pp. 409–430.</ref> Among the victims in Inner Mongolia, 75 per cent were Mongols, even though they only constituted 10 per cent of the population.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dikötter |first1=Frank |title=The Cultural Revolution: A People's History, 1962–1976 |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |location=New York |isbn=978-1-63286-422-2 |page=191 |edition=1st U.S.}}</ref> In 1969, much of Inner Mongolia was distributed among surrounding provinces, with Hulunbuir divided between [[Heilongjiang]] and [[Jilin]], Jirim going to [[Jilin]], Juu Uda to [[Liaoning]], and the Alashan and Ejine region divided among [[Gansu]] and [[Ningxia]]. This decision was reversed in 1979.

Inner Mongolia was underdeveloped until the early 2000s, when huge [[Mining industry of China|mineral deposits]] including [[Coal in China|coal]] (such as Dongsheng Coalfield) and [[Rare earth industry in China|rare earth metals]] were discovered.<ref name="Zhan-2022">{{Cite book |last=Zhan |first=Jing Vivian |title=China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-04898-9 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom}}</ref>{{Rp|page=47}} GDP growth has continually been over 10%, even 15% and connections with the [[Wolf Economy]] to the north has helped development. However, growth has come at a cost with huge amounts of pollution and degradation to the grasslands.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/19/world/asia/china-mongolians-culture/ |title=Ethnic Mongolians in China concerned about cultural threat |first=Chi Chi |last=Zhang |date=19 April 2012 |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092316/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/19/world/asia/china-mongolians-culture/ |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Attempts to attract [[Han Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] to migrate from other regions, as well as urbanise those rural nomads and peasants has led to huge amounts of corruption and waste in public spending, such as the [[Kangbashi District|Kangbashi district]] of [[Ordos City]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Ordos, China: A Modern Ghost Town |url=https://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1975397,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150324164032/http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1975397,00.html |archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17390729 |title = Ordos: The biggest ghost town in China |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180624074430/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17390729 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |date=17 March 2012 |last1=Day |first1=Peter}}</ref> However, the district's population has steadily increased in the years since, reaching nearly 153,000 people by 2017, a significant rise from 30,000 in 2009, demonstrating the growth and development brought about by these efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shepard |first=Wade |title=China's Most Infamous 'Ghost City' Is Rising From The Desert |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/06/30/ordos-chinas-most-infamous-ex-ghost-city-continues-rising/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Acute uneven [[wealth distribution]] has further exacerbated ethnic tensions, many indigenous Mongolians feeling they are increasingly marginalised in their own homeland, leading to [[2011 Inner Mongolia unrest|riots in 2011]] and 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inner Mongolians culture clash |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2012/04/18/atsr-china-inner-mongolian-culture-clash.cnn |date=18 April 2012 |work=CNN |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185604/http://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2012/04/18/atsr-china-inner-mongolian-culture-clash.cnn |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/launches-09052013110502.html |title=China Launches 'Strike Hard' Anti-Rumor Campaign in Inner Mongolia |work=Radio Free Asia |date=5 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191136/http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/launches-09052013110502.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

On 31 August 2020, [[2020 Inner Mongolia protests|large protests]] broke out in ethnic Mongol communities due to unannounced plans by the Chinese government to phase out Mongolian-medium teaching.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinese-authorities-face-widespread-anger-in-inner-mongolia-after-requiring-mandarin-language-classes/2020/08/31/3ba5a938-eb5b-11ea-bd08-1b10132b458f_story.html|title=Chinese authorities face widespread anger in Inner Mongolia after requiring Mandarin-language classes|date=31 August 2020|access-date=1 September 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Gerry Shih}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Curbs on Mongolian Language Teaching Prompt Large Protests in China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/31/world/asia/china-protest-mongolian-language-schools.html|website=[[The New York Times]] |author=Amy Qin|date=31 August 2020|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/schools-08312020093412.html|title=Mass Protests Erupt as China Moves to End Mongolian-Medium Teaching in Schools|website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|date=31 August 2020|access-date=1 September 2020|author=Qiao Long |translator=Luisetta Mudie|editor=Luisetta Mudie}}</ref>