Editing Indian independence movement (section)

===Partition of Bengal, 1905===
{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1905)}}
In July 1905, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899–1905), ordered the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of the province of Bengal]]. The stated aim was to improve administration.<ref>John R. McLane, "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905" ''Indian Economic and Social History Review,'' July 1965, 2#3, pp 221–237</ref> However, this was seen as an attempt to quench nationalistic sentiment through [[divide and rule]].  The Bengali Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on local and national politics. The partition outraged Bengalis. Widespread agitation ensued in the streets and in the press, and the Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of ''[[swadeshi]]'', or indigenous industries. A growing movement emerged, focussing on indigenous Indian industries, finance, and education, which saw the founding of [[National Council of Education]], the birth of Indian financial institutions and banks, as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature. Hindus showed unity by tying [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi]] on each other's wrists and observing ''Arandhan'' (not cooking any food). During this time, Bengali Hindu nationalists like [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[Bhupendranath Datta]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] began writing virulent newspaper articles challenging the legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as ''Jugantar'' and ''Sandhya'', and were charged with sedition.

The Partition also precipitated increasing activity from the then still Nascent militant nationalist [[revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary movement]], which was particularly gaining strength in Bengal and Maharashtra from the last decade of the 1800s.  In Bengal, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Anushilan Samiti]]|italic=no}}, led by brothers Aurobindo and Barin Ghosh organised a number of attacks of figureheads of the Raj, culminating in the attempt on the life of a British judge in Muzaffarpur. This precipitated the [[Alipore bomb case]], whilst a number of revolutionaries were killed, or captured and put on trial. Revolutionaries like [[Khudiram Bose]], [[Prafulla Chaki]], Kanailal Dutt who were either killed or hanged became household names.<ref name="Guha">{{cite book |last=Guha |first=Arun Chandra |year=1971 |title=First Spark of Revolution |publisher=Orient Longman |pages=130–131 |oclc=254043308 |quote="They [Khudiram Basu and Prafulla Chaki] threw a bomb on a coach similar to that of Kingsford's ... Khudiram ... was sentenced to death and hanged."}}</ref>

The British newspaper, ''The Empire'', wrote:<ref name="Patel2008">{{Harvnb|Patel|2008|p=56}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Khudiram Bose was executed this morning;... it is alleged that he mounted the scaffold with his body erect. He was cheerful and smiling.}}<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Prafulla Chaki.jpg|[[Prafulla Chaki]] was associated with the [[Jugantar]]. He carried out assassinations against [[British Raj|British colonial]] officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.
File:Bhupendranath Datta (brother of Swami Vivekananda).png|[[Bhupendranath Datta]] was an Indian revolutionary who was privy to the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]].
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