Editing Icon (section)

===Iconoclast period===
{{main|Byzantine Iconoclasm}}
[[File:Unknow - The Angel with Golden Hair - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|12th-century icon of [[Archangel Gabriel]] from [[Novgorod]], called ''[[The Angel with Golden Hair]]'', currently exhibited in the [[State Russian Museum]]]]

There was a continuing [[Aniconism in Christianity|opposition to images and their misuse]] within Christianity from very early times. "Whenever images threatened to gain undue influence within the church, theologians have sought to strip them of their power".<ref>Belting, ''Likeness and Presence'', Chicago and London, 1994.</ref>  Further, "there is no century between the fourth and the eighth in which there is not some evidence of opposition to images even within the Church".<ref>Ernst Kitzinger, ''The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm'', Dumbarton Oaks, 1954, quoted by Pelikan, Jaroslav; ''The Spirit of Eastern Christendom'' 600–1700, University of Chicago Press, 1974.</ref> Nonetheless, popular favor for icons guaranteed their continued existence, while no systematic apologia for or against icons, or doctrinal authorization or condemnation of icons yet existed.

The use of icons was seriously challenged by Byzantine Imperial authority in the 8th century. Though by this time opposition to images was strongly entrenched in Judaism and Islam, attribution of the impetus toward an iconoclastic movement in Eastern Orthodoxy to Muslims or Jews "seems to have been highly exaggerated, both by contemporaries and by modern scholars".<ref>Pelikan, ''The Spirit of Eastern Christendom''</ref>

Though significant in the history of religious doctrine, the Byzantine controversy over images is not seen as of primary importance in Byzantine history; "[f]ew historians still hold it to have been the greatest issue of the period".<ref>Patricia Karlin-Hayter, ''Oxford History of Byzantium'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2002.</ref>

The Iconoclastic period began when images were banned by Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian]] sometime between 726 and 730. Under his son [[Constantine V]], a council forbidding image veneration was held at [[Council of Hieria|Hieria]] near Constantinople in 754. Image veneration was later reinstated by the [[Irene (empress)|Empress Regent Irene]], under whom another council was held reversing the decisions of the previous iconoclast council and taking its title as [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]]. The council anathemized all who hold to iconoclasm, i.e. those who held that veneration of images constitutes idolatry. Then the ban was enforced again by [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] in 815. Finally, icon veneration was decisively restored by [[Theodora (9th century)|Empress Regent Theodora]] in 843 at the [[Council of Constantinople (843)|Council of Constantinople]].

From then on all Byzantine coins had a religious image or symbol on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]], usually an image of Christ for larger denominations, with the head of the Emperor on the obverse, reinforcing the bond of the state and the divine order.<ref name="RC"/>