Editing Ian Thorpe (section)

==Record-breaking years (1999–2002)==
{{MedalTableTop|name=no|header=[[1999 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|1999 World Short Course Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | 200 m freestyle | 1:43.28 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | 4×100 m freestyle | 3:11.21}}
{{MedalSilver | 400 m freestyle | 3:35.64}}
{{MedalBottom}}
The year 1999 began with heavy media expectations that Thorpe would inevitably break both 200&nbsp;m and 400&nbsp;m world records, given his continuing physical growth. The first opportunity came in late March at the 1999 Australian Championships in Brisbane, which doubled as a selection event for the [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships]]. Thorpe again won the 400&nbsp;m, but Perkins' record eluded him, this time by just 0.05&nbsp;s.<ref>Hunter, p. 137.</ref> Hackett turned the tables in the 200&nbsp;m event, passing Thorpe in the final 50&nbsp;m to win Thorpe's title.<ref name="andrews h"/> Although both were outside Lamberti's mark, Hackett went on to break it the following night in a relay event.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hackett Breaks 200 m Freestyle World Record|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/817.asp|work=Swimming World|date=24 March 1999|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195709/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/817.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 137–138.</ref> Thorpe finished the Championships by continuing his improvement in the 100&nbsp;m freestyle, posting a time of 49.98&nbsp;s, his first under the 50&nbsp;s barrier. The Australian team then travelled to Hong Kong for the [[1999 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|1999 World Short Course Championships]], where Thorpe broke Lamberti's mark in the 200&nbsp;m freestyle, the longest standing world record at the time. However, Hackett defeated him in the 400&nbsp;m.<ref name="andrews"/><ref>Hunter, pp. 137–139.</ref> This was the start of a three-year phase where Thorpe was to set his 13 individual long course world records. He led the men's relay team to unprecedented success in relay events, scoring historic victories over the Americans. Thorpe was to peak in 2001 when he became the first person to win six gold medals at one world championships, setting three world records and helping Australia top the medal tally at a global meet for the first time since 1956. In this period, he was named ''Swimming World'' Swimmer of the Year three times.<ref name="gsiprofile"/><ref name="hunterviii"/><ref name="abc career"/>

===1999 Pan Pacific Championships===
{{MedalTableTop|name=no|header=[[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|1999 Pan Pacific Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]] | 1:46.00 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]] | 3:41.83 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]] | 3:16.08}}
{{MedalGold | [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]] | 7:08.70 (WR)}}
{{MedalBottom}}

The [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships]] were held in August at [[Sydney Olympic Park]], and were viewed as a rehearsal for the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] to be held in the same venue. With Thorpe expected to deliver world records at his first international meet in Sydney, the event was shown live on Australian television for the first time. The opening night saw him pitted against Hackett and South Africa's [[Ryk Neethling]] in the [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400&nbsp;m freestyle]] final.<ref>Hunter, pp. 146–147.</ref> The trio reached the 200&nbsp;m mark in a group, on world record pace, before Thorpe broke away, recording a split time 1.86&nbsp;s ahead of world-record pace at 300&nbsp;m. He extended his lead to four body lengths by the 350&nbsp;m mark and finished in a time of 3&nbsp;min 41.83&nbsp;s, cutting almost two seconds from the world record,<ref name="abc career"/><ref name=s21>Swanton, p. 21.</ref><ref name=s51>Swanton, p. 51.</ref> and covering the second half in almost the same time as the first.<ref name="firstwr">{{cite news|first=Stephen J.|last=Thomas|title=1999 Pan Pacific Championships: Day 1|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/981.asp|work=Swimming World|date=22 August 1999|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200501/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/981.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 147–148.</ref> Talbot reacted to the performance by dubbing Thorpe as "the greatest swimmer we've [Australia] ever had",<ref name=h149>Hunter, p. 149.</ref> whilst four-time American Olympic gold medalist [[Rowdy Gaines]], commentating for [[NBC]], said "...he went into a balls-out sprint at 250&nbsp;– and I have never seen anything like that...I have been around swimming a long time and it's the most amazing swim I've ever seen, hands down."<ref name=s51/><ref name=h149/> A formula used by the International Swimming Statisticians Association to compare world records in different events gave his performance the highest score of all current world records.<ref>Hunter, p. 150.</ref> Thorpe promptly donated the A$25,000 prize money for breaking the first world record in the pool to charity.<!-- which charity? --><ref name="gsiprofile"/><ref name="andrews"/><ref name=s22>Swanton, p. 22.</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 152–153.</ref>

Later the same night, Thorpe anchored the Australians to a historic victory in the [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100&nbsp;m freestyle]] final,<ref name="s51" /><ref name="s22" /> the first time the United States had lost the event. Thorpe set an Australian record relay split of 48.55&nbsp;s. Even taking into account a 0.6–0.7&nbsp;s for a flying relay start, his split time was almost 1&nbsp;s faster than his individual best of 49.98&nbsp;s.<ref name="firstwr" /> It was to be the first of many occasions in which he would anchor the Australian relay teams to victory over the Americans, with splits consistently faster than his equivalent individual times.<ref>Hunter, pp. 150–151.</ref> The following night, in the semi-finals of the [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200&nbsp;m freestyle]], Thorpe broke Hackett's world record by 0.33&nbsp;s, clocking 1&nbsp;min 46.34&nbsp;s.<ref name="abc career" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen J.|last=Thomas|title=1999 Pan Pacific Championships: Day 2|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/984.asp|work=Swimming World|date=23 August 1999|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200534/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/984.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next day in the final, he again broke the record,<ref name="s21" /> lowering it to 1&nbsp;min 46.0&nbsp;s.<ref name="abc career" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen J.|last=Thomas|title=1999 Pan Pacific Championships: Day 3|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/985.asp|work=Swimming World|date=24 August 1999|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154728/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/985.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 153–155.</ref> He finished his competition by leading off the [[1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;200&nbsp;m freestyle]] team with Klim, Hackett and [[Bill Kirby]] to victory. Their time lowered their own world record by more than three seconds, completing Thorpe's fourth world record in four nights.<ref name="andrews" /><ref name="abc career" /><ref name="andrews h" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen J.|last=Thomas|title=1999 Pan Pacific Championships: Day 4|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/989.asp|work=Swimming World|date=25 August 1999|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195747/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/989.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 147–157.</ref><ref name="s23">Swanton, p. 23.</ref>

Immediately after the Pan Pacific Championships, Thorpe's management announced his signing to [[Adidas]] for an undisclosed six-figure sum, stating that he would race in their new bodysuit. This presented a dilemma, as the national team was sponsored and wore outfits designed by [[Speedo]], leading to months of protracted discussions and uncertainty.<ref>Hunter, pp. 162–166.</ref> To compound his commercial difficulties, Thorpe had an uncertain end to the sporting year when, in October, he broke a bone in his ankle whilst jogging.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thorpedo Torpedoed|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1043.asp|work=Swimming World|date=21 October 1999|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154716/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1043.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> However his performance throughout the year was recognised when he was again named as the World Swimmer of the Year by ''Swimming World'', and by Swimming Australia as its Swimmer of the Year. In a wider arena, he was named [[List of Young Australian of the Year Award recipients|Young Australian of the Year]],<ref name="YAOTY"/> [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] Sports Star of the Year, and Male Athlete of the Year at the Australian Sports Awards.<ref name="andrews"/><ref>Hunter, pp. 170–173.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thorpe, Heyns Named 1999 World Swimmers of the Year|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1101.asp|work=Swimming World|date=7 December 1999|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200428/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1101.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2000 Olympic build-up===
Thorpe started 2000 looking to add a third individual event to his Olympic schedule. He explored his options by contesting the 1500&nbsp;m freestyle at the New South Wales Championships in January, which he won.<ref>Hunter, pp. 175–176.</ref> Thorpe embarked on a European [[1999–2000 FINA Swimming World Cup|FINA World Cup]] tour to hone his racecraft, but this was overshadowed by comments made by German head coach [[Manfred Thiesmann]] accusing him of using [[anabolic steroid|steroids]].<ref name ="Talbot blood">Talbot, p. 156.</ref><ref>Swanton, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 178–179.</ref> Thiseman claimed that Thorpe's physical attributes were symptomatic of steroid use and that his ability to exceed prior records believed to be drug-fuelled made his feats worthy of suspicion.<ref name="ABC profile"/><ref name="Talbot blood">Talbot, p. 156.</ref> Thorpe's difficulties heightened at the subsequent German leg of the tour in Berlin, when a standoff over a drug-test arose when officials wanted to take an unsealed sample due to lack of containers. After the standoff was resolved,<ref>{{cite news|title=Thorpe's Stand Vindicated|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1235.asp|work=Swimming World|date=3 February 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601162930/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1235.asp|archive-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=s26>Swanton, p. 26.</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 180–181.</ref> Thorpe proceeded to cut more than 1.5&nbsp;s from his world short course record in the 200&nbsp;m freestyle.<ref>{{cite news|title=2000 FINA World Cup IX: World Record For Krayzelburg|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1203.asp|work=Swimming World|date=1 March 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195728/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1203.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Given the context of the race, Thorpe rated it as his best-ever performance, ahead of his victories at Olympic and World level.<ref name=s26/><ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Cowley|title=Only now does he realise just how good he was|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/sport/only-now-does-he-realise-just-how-good-he-was/2006/11/21/1163871405610.html|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=22 November 2006|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025060647/http://www.smh.com.au/news/sport/only-now-does-he-realise-just-how-good-he-was/2006/11/21/1163871405610.html|archive-date=25 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Hunter, p. 182.</ref> On returning from Europe, Thorpe faced further uncertainty until he was granted permission to wear his Adidas suit instead of the Australian uniforms provided by Speedo.<ref>Hunter, pp. 186–191.</ref>

With the past uncertainties resolved, Thorpe proceeded to the Olympic selection trials at [[Sydney Olympic Park]] in May 2000. He again broke his 400&nbsp;m world record on the first night of racing,<ref>Swanton, pp. 31–32.</ref> lowering it to 3&nbsp;min 41.33&nbsp;s to earn his first Olympic selection.<ref name="abc career"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen J.|last=Thomas|title=Aussie Trials Day One: The Thorpedo Strikes Again|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1455.asp|work=Swimming World|date=13 May 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200725/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1455.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 192–193.</ref> The following day, he lowered his 200&nbsp;m world record to 1&nbsp;min 45.69&nbsp;s in the semi-finals,<ref>Swanton, p. 32.</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen J.|last=Thomas|title=Aussie Trials Day 2: Thorpe lowers the 200 free world record, Huelgill breaks the 50 fly mark|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1456.asp|work=Swimming World|date= 14 May 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200719/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1456.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, p. 193.</ref> before lowering it again to 1&nbsp;min 45.51&nbsp;s in the final.<ref name="abc career"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen J.|last=Thomas|title=Thorpe Does It Again—3 Days, 3 World Records|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1457.asp|work=Swimming World|date=15 May 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195820/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1457.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Swanton, p. 33.</ref><ref>Hunter, p. 194.</ref> His attempt to secure a third individual berth failed after he finished fourth in the final of the 100&nbsp;m and withdrew from the 1500&nbsp;m.<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen J.|last=Thomas|title=Aussie Trials Day 5: Susie O'Neill Finally Breaks Mary T's 200 Fly Record|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1461.asp|work=Swimming World|date=15 May 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200620/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1461.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 194–195.</ref><ref>Swanton, pp. 33–34.</ref>

===2000 Summer Olympics===
{{MedalTableTop|name=no|header=[[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Summer Olympics]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]] | 3:40.59 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]] | 3:13.67 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]] | 7:07.05 (WR)}}
{{MedalSilver | [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]] | 1:45.83}}
{{MedalSilver | [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]] | 3:35.27}}
{{MedalBottom}}
Entering the Olympics, the Australian public expected Thorpe to deliver multiple world records and gold medals as a formality; Sydney's ''[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]]'' posted a front-page spread headlined ''Invincible''.<ref name=s910/><ref>Hunter, p. 211.</ref> Thorpe cruised through the heats of the [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400&nbsp;m]] on the first morning of competition, posting a new [[List of Olympic records in swimming|Olympic record]] and shortening bookmakers' odds to 50–1.<ref name=s910>Swanton, pp. 9–10.</ref><ref>Hunter, p. 212.</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Phillip|last=Whitten|title=Olympic Day 1 Prelims – Complete|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1781.asp|work=Swimming World|date=16 September 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154605/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1781.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the time the final was held that night, the pressure had intensified—the host nation had yet to win its first gold medal. Thorpe led throughout, and although Italy's [[Massimiliano Rosolino]] was within a body length at the 300&nbsp;m mark, Thorpe's finishing kick extended the final margin to three body lengths.<ref>Hunter, pp. 214–215.</ref> This set a new world record of 3&nbsp;min 40.59&nbsp;s.<ref name="oly2000 d1">{{cite news|first=Phillip|last=Whitten|title=Olympics – Day 1 Finals (Complete)|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1784.asp|work=Swimming World|date=16 September 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200607/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1784.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Swanton, pp. 79–80.</ref> Secret tests carried out by the [[Italian National Olympic Committee]] prior to the Olympics later showed that Rosolino had abnormal levels of human growth hormone.<ref>{{cite book|first=P.H.|last=Mullen|title=Gold in the Water: the true story of ordinary men and their extraordinary dream of Olympic glory|url=https://archive.org/details/goldinwatertrues00mull|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/goldinwatertrues00mull/page/326 326]|location=New York|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|year=2001|isbn=0-312-31116-8}}</ref><ref name=h217>Hunter, p. 217.</ref> Rosolino aside, Thorpe had left bronze medallist [[Klete Keller]] fifteen metres in arrears.<ref name=h217/>

Thorpe lined up later in the night alongside Klim, [[Chris Fydler]] and [[Ashley Callus]] to anchor the [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100&nbsp;m freestyle relay]], an event which the Americans had never lost at Olympic level. The third leg ended with Australia only an arm's length ahead of the United States.<ref>Swanton, pp. 83–85.</ref> Thorpe timed his dive much better than [[Gary Hall Jr.]], and surfaced a body length ahead. Hall's sprinting ability allowed him to open a lead by the final turn,<ref>Swanton, pp. 86–87.</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 221–222.</ref> but Thorpe's finishing kick overhauled him in the final metres, sparking wild celebrations amongst the partisan crowd.<ref name="abc career"/><ref name="oly2000 d1"/><ref>Swanton, pp. 88–89.</ref>

Prior to the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay, Hall posted on his blog: "My biased opinion says that we will smash them (Australia's 4x100m team) like guitars. Historically the U.S. has always risen to the occasion. But the logic in that remote area of my brain says it won't be so easy for the United States to dominate the waters this time." The Australian team responded to Hall's remarks after the race by playing [[air guitar]] on the pool deck. Hall recalled the race, saying, "I don't even know how to play the guitar...I consider it the best relay race I've ever been part of. I doff my cap to the great Ian Thorpe. He had a better finish than I had."<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,55195,00.html | magazine=Time | title=The Stuff of Heroes | date=18 September 2000 | access-date=3 May 2010 | first=Tom | last=Dusevic | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813223945/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,55195,00.html | archive-date=13 August 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Another member of Australia's victorious 4x100 team, [[Michael Klim]], recalled that "Hall was the first swimmer to come over and congratulate us. Even though he dished it out, he was a true sportsman".

When Thorpe broke the [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200&nbsp;m freestyle]] Olympic record in the heats the following morning,<ref>{{cite news|first=Phillip|last=Whitten|title=Olympic Prelims: Day Two|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1789.asp|work=Swimming World|date=17 September 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195721/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1789.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> his main rival [[Pieter van den Hoogenband]] of the Netherlands (with World No. 2 ranked and teammate Michael Kim bypassing the 200 metres) conceded defeat.<ref>Swanton, p. 99.</ref><ref name=h227>Hunter, p. 227.</ref> However, van den Hoogenband showed his hand in the semi-finals by cutting more than a second off his personal best, to set a new world record of 1&nbsp;min 45.35&nbsp;s. Thorpe qualified second with a personal best of his own, 0.02&nbsp;s slower,<ref name=h227/><ref>Swanton, p. 100.</ref> and was under immense pressure to win the final the following day after his double gold on the first night.<ref>{{cite news|first=Phillip|last=Whitten|title=Olympic Day 2 Finals|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1792.asp|work=Swimming World|date=17 September 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195839/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1792.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Swanton, pp. 101–102.</ref> Van den Hoogenband started quickly and Thorpe chased him, reaching the 100&nbsp;m mark just 0.04&nbsp;s behind. Both swimmers turned at 150&nbsp;m in identical times. As a result of starting harder than usual, Thorpe faded as van den Hoogenband drew away to claim gold and equal his world record, stunning the home crowd. Thorpe touched in 1&nbsp;min 45.83&nbsp;s, the first time that he had swum slower in the final than in the qualifying rounds.<ref>{{cite news|first=Phillip|last=Whitten|title=Olympic Day 3 Finals – Complete|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1799.asp|work=Swimming World|date=18 September 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154738/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1799.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Swanton, pp. 103–105.</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 228–229.</ref> Thorpe would never lose to van den Hoogenband in a long course 200 metres race again.

Thorpe returned to victory when he led off the [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;200&nbsp;m freestyle relay]] the following night, setting up a 10&nbsp;m lead over American [[Scott Goldblatt]] in the first leg. Although Thorpe was unable to reclaim the individual world record,<ref>Swanton, p. 109.</ref> he, Klim, Kirby and [[Todd Pearson]] lowered their world record to 7&nbsp;min 07.05&nbsp;s,<ref name="s110">Swanton, p. 110.</ref> over five seconds ahead of the Americans—the largest winning margin in an Olympic relay for half a century.<ref>{{cite news|first=Phillip|last= Whitten|title=Olympic Day 4 Finals|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1804.asp|work=Swimming World|date=19 September 2000|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154751/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/1804.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Talbot, p. 196.</ref> Thorpe rounded off his Olympics by swimming in the heats of the [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100&nbsp;m medley relay]], and collected a silver medal when the finals quartet finished behind the Americans.<ref name="abc career" /><ref name="s111">Swanton, p. 111.</ref><ref>Hunter, p. 232.</ref> Thorpe's performances as Australia's leading medalist for the Games were recognised when the [[Australian Olympic Committee]] granted him the honour of [[List of flag bearers for Australia at the Olympics|carrying the flag]] at the [[2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony|closing ceremony]].<ref name="s111" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympics.com.au/index.cfm?p=22|title=Games at a Glance|publisher=Australian Olympic Committee|access-date=20 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014025057/http://www.olympics.com.au/index.cfm?p=22|archive-date=14 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, p. 238.</ref> With three gold and two silver medals, Thorpe was the most successful athlete at the 2000 Olympic Games. At year's end, he was again named by Swimming Australia as the Swimmer of the Year, but van den Hoogenband usurped him as the leading male swimmer chosen by ''Swimming World Magazine''.<ref>Hunter, pp. 226–234.</ref>

===2001 World Aquatics Championships===
{{MedalTableTop|name=no|header=[[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships|2001 World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]] | 1:44.06 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]] | 3:40.17 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 800 metre freestyle|800 m freestyle]] | 7:39.16 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]] | 3:14.10}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]] | 7:04.66 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]] | 3:35.35}}
{{MedalBottom}}
With the 2001 Australian Championships held in [[Hobart]] in March, Thorpe added the 800&nbsp;m freestyle to his repertoire, after [[International Swimming Federation|FINA]] had added the event for the [[2001 World Aquatics Championships]].<ref>Hunter, p. 253.</ref> Thorpe began his campaign by successfully defending his 400&nbsp;m title with a time just 0.17&nbsp;s outside his world record.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aussie World Champs Trials: Thorpe Just Misses Breaking Own 400 Free World Record|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2354.asp|work=Swimming World|date=26 March 2001|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200421/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2354.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=s2001a>Swanton, pp. 116–117.</ref><ref>Hunter, p. 254.</ref> The following night in the 800&nbsp;m event, he drew away from Hackett in the last 100&nbsp;m to break [[Kieren Perkins]]' 1994 world record by over four seconds.<ref name="abc career"/><ref name=s2001a/><ref>{{cite news|first=Ian|last=Hanson|title=Aussie Nationals: Ian Thorpe Destroys World Record in the 800; Hackett Also Under Old Mark|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2364.asp|work=Swimming World|date=26 March 2001|access-date=22 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105054829/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2364.asp|archive-date=5 January 2013}}</ref><ref>Hunter, p. 255.</ref> He earned his third title by cutting 0.66&nbsp;s from van den Hoogenband's 200&nbsp;m world record to set a new mark of 1&nbsp;min 44.69&nbsp;s.<ref name="abc career"/><ref name=s2001a/><ref>{{cite news|first=Belinda|last=Dennett|title=The Thorpedo Does It Again!! New World Record in the 200 m Free|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2371.asp|work=Swimming World|date=27 March 2001|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200613/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2371.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> This performance made him the third male after [[John Konrads]] and [[Tim Shaw (swimmer)|Tim Shaw]] to hold world records over three distances simultaneously.<ref>Hunter, p. 256.</ref> His subsequent victory in the 100&nbsp;m freestyle in a new personal best of 49.05&nbsp;s made him the first since Konrads in 1959 to hold all Australian freestyle titles from 100&nbsp;m to 800&nbsp;m.<ref name=s2001a/><ref>Hunter, p. 257.</ref> This indicated that he could swim faster at the subsequent World Championships in [[Fukuoka]], where he was looking to regain the ascendancy from van den Hoogenband.<ref name="gsiprofile"/><ref name="abc career"/><ref>Hunter, pp. 253–257.</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Belinda|last=Dennett|title=Aussie Nationals: Thorpe Wins Fourth Gold|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2380.asp|work=Swimming World|date=29 March 2001|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154857/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2380.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Thorpe arrived in Fukuoka having been chosen by broadcaster [[TV Asahi]] as the marketing drawcard of the event.<ref>Hunter, pp. 257–260.</ref> With the [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100&nbsp;m freestyle relay]] being held after the [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400&nbsp;m freestyle]] on the first night, Thorpe appeared to be conserving energy when he reached the 200&nbsp;m mark two seconds outside his world record. Although he was 0.93&nbsp;s behind at the final turn, a final 50&nbsp;m burst in 24.36&nbsp;s saw him cut a further 0.42&nbsp;s from his world record.<ref name=s2001w>Swanton, pp. 118–120.</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 266–267.</ref> The relay saw him dive in fractionally ahead of American [[Jason Lezak]] after Klim, Callus and Pearson had completed the first three legs. Thorpe fell behind in the early half of the leg before kicking away in the closing stages, to seal gold with his fastest-ever relay split of 47.87&nbsp;s.<ref>{{cite news|first=Craig|last=Lord|title=Thorpe Sets WR, Wins Two Gold on First Day of Competition at World Champs|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2724.asp|work=Swimming World|date=22 July 2001|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195735/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2724.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 267–268.</ref> In the [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 800 metre freestyle|800&nbsp;m final]], he shadowed Hackett for the first 750&nbsp;m, staying within a body length. He then broke clear to win by a body length, lowering his world record by over two seconds.<ref name=s2001w/><ref>{{cite news|first=Craig|last=Lord|title=Thorpe, Phelps Set World Records; Haley Cope Wins in an Upset|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2732.asp|work=Swimming World|date=24 July 2001|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195741/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2732.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 268–269.</ref> The [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200&nbsp;m freestyle]] rematch with van den Hoogenband provided Thorpe with a chance to rectify his strategy from the Olympics; this time he allowed the Dutchman to lead through the first 100&nbsp;m. Thorpe pulled even at the 150&nbsp;m mark and then broke away towards the finishing wall two body lengths clear. He lowered his world record to 1&nbsp;min 44.06&nbsp;s in the process, prompting van den Hoogenband to raise his arm aloft.<ref name=s2001w/><ref>{{cite news|first=Craig|last=Lord|title=The Thorpedo Strikes Again—Another Awesome World Record|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2736.asp|work=Swimming World|date=25 July 2001|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154801/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2736.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 271–272.</ref>

Thorpe's winning streak was interrupted in the [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100&nbsp;m freestyle]] when his personal best of 48.81&nbsp;s placed him fourth,<ref>Hunter, p. 273.</ref> but he returned to form in the [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;200&nbsp;m freestyle relay]]. Anchoring the team of Klim, Hackett and Kirby, the Australians lowered their world record time by more than two seconds, leaving the Italians more than six seconds in arrears.<ref name="gsiprofile" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Craig|last=Lord|title=Aussies Smash 800 Relay WR; USA Celebrates with Wins by Ervin, Peirsol, Bowen|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2754.asp|work=Swimming World|date=27 July 2001|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153946/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2754.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Having overtaken Klim as Australia's leading 100&nbsp;m freestyle swimmer, Thorpe was entrusted with anchoring the [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100&nbsp;m medley relay]] team on 28 July. After [[Matt Welsh]], [[Regan Harrison]] and [[Geoff Huegill]] had finished their legs, Thorpe's change left him half a body length behind the new [[Swimming at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100&nbsp;m world champion]] [[Anthony Ervin]] of the United States. The Americans were expected to win, and with his typically slow start, Thorpe turned a body length behind with 50&nbsp;m remaining. With an American victory seeming inevitable, Thorpe managed to accelerate and deprive Ervin of the lead in the last 5&nbsp;m.<ref name="Hunter, pp. 274–275" /><ref name="s2001w" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Finals Results: 28 July|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2761.asp|work=Swimming World|date=28 July 2001|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154652/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/2761.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> This made Thorpe the only swimmer to have won six gold medals at a World Championships,<ref name="abc career" /><ref name="ABC profile" /> and the first since Shaw in 1974 to win the 200–400–800 treble.<ref name="s2001w" /> His performances formed the basis for Australia's gold medal win over the United States 13–9. It was also the first time since the [[Swimming at the 1956 Summer Olympics#Medal table|1956 Summer Olympics]] that Australia had topped the medal tally at a global meet.<ref>Hunter, pp. 264–275.</ref> Thorpe's achievements led to predictions that he could match [[Mark Spitz]]'s seven gold medals at the [[Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Summer Olympics]], which he played down.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thorpe targets drug cheats|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tv_and_radio/1921956.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=12 April 2006|access-date=22 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116045056/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tv_and_radio/1921956.stm|archive-date=16 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2002 Commonwealth Games and Pan Pacific Championships===
Thorpe began competition in 2002 at the Australian Championships in Brisbane in March, which were used to select the team for the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]] in Manchester and the [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships]]. After his record six gold medals in Fukuoka, the meet was surrounded by further expectations of world records and speculation that he would match [[Mark Spitz|Spitz]]'s seven gold medals.<ref name=s02>Swanton, pp. 121–122.</ref> His winning time in the 400&nbsp;m was the second fastest in history, but such was the expectation on him that his failure to break a world record was the talking point.<ref>Hunter, pp. 290–291.</ref> He claimed the 100&nbsp;m and 200&nbsp;m events in times outside his best, making it the first time that he had failed to break a world record at a major meet since 1999.<ref name="swiminfo 2002">{{cite news|first=Phillip|last=Whitten|title=2002 Year in Review|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/2002_year_in_review.asp|work=Swimming World|date=30 December 2006|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154932/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/2002_year_in_review.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also experimented by adding the 100&nbsp;m backstroke to his repertoire, placing second.<ref name=s02/> This earned him a Commonwealth spot in a seventh event, leading to further media speculation that he could match Spitz.<ref>Hunter, pp. 289–292.</ref>
{{MedalTableTop|name=no|header=[[Swimming at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold | 100 m freestyle | 48.73}}
{{MedalGold | 200 m freestyle | 1:44.71}}
{{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]] | 3:40.08 (WR)}}
{{MedalGold | 4×100 m freestyle | 3:16.42}}
{{MedalGold | 4×200 m freestyle | 7:11.69}}
{{MedalGold | 4×100 m medley | 3:36.05}}
{{MedalSilver | 100 m backstroke | 55.38}}
{{MedalBottom}}
By this time, Thorpe's relationship with Frost was beginning to unravel. Thorpe had always insisted that his swimming was about enjoyment and improving himself in setting faster times, rather than victory or defeat. This contrasted with Frost, who had a more aggressive and combative mindset, often making bold public statements.<ref>Hunter, pp. 286, 290, 297.</ref> Thorpe ignored Frost's advice and bulked up his upper body by a further 5&nbsp;kg to 105&nbsp;kg, making him the heaviest elite swimmer in history.<ref>Swanton, p. 124.</ref> His reasoning that the strength gains would outweigh any loss in flexibility raised concerns over his physiological strategy.<ref>Talbot, pp. 228–229.</ref> On the first night in Manchester, Thorpe again lowered his [[Swimming at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400&nbsp;m mark]] by 0.09&nbsp;s to 3&nbsp;min 40.08&nbsp;s, which remains the fastest ever 400m swim not swum in an [[LZR Racer]]<ref name="abc career"/><ref name="swiminfo 2002"/><ref>Swanton, pp. 128–130.</ref> before anchoring the 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100&nbsp;m freestyle relay team to another gold.<ref name="bbc cg2002">{{cite news|title=Thorpe's six of the best|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/swimming/newsid_2166000/2166261.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2 August 2006|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324003216/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/swimming/newsid_2166000/2166261.stm|archive-date=24 March 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=s132>Swanton, p. 132.</ref><ref>Hunter, p. 300.</ref> Prior to the 200&nbsp;m final, Thorpe was seen arguing with Frost in the warm-up area. Thorpe won, but was unusually angry at having failed to lower his previous best, publicly stating that he "wasn't with it" and that he had "one of the worst warm-ups ever".<ref name="bbc cg2002"/><ref name=s132/><ref name=h301>Hunter, p. 301.</ref> Thorpe did manage to lower his personal best in the 100&nbsp;m freestyle to 48.73&nbsp;s en route to his fourth gold, and anchored the 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;200&nbsp;m freestyle and 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100&nbsp;m medley relays to comfortable victories.<ref name="bbc cg2002"/><ref name=h301/><ref>Swanton, pp. 132–133.</ref> When he collected a silver in his first international race in the 100&nbsp;m backstroke with another personal best behind world champion [[Matt Welsh]],<ref>Swanton, pp. 133–137.</ref> he was forced to rebuff media comparisons to Spitz. He emphasised personal performance, stating "I think it's a limiting attitude to be competing against other people when you can be challenging yourself".<ref name="self"/> Despite Thorpe's assertion that he could not match Spitz, Frost predicted that Thorpe could win nine golds at one Olympics.<ref name="self">Hunter, pp. 297–303.</ref> In spite of the media disappointment, Thorpe's six gold medals equalled the record set by [[Susie O'Neill]], completing all in [[List of Commonwealth Games records in swimming|Games]] or World record time.<ref name="abc career"/><ref name="ABC profile"/><ref name="swiminfo 2002"/><ref name="bbc cg2002"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Lenton Staring at Historical Haul|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/10987.asp|work=Swimming World|date=8 March 2006|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154522/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/10987.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=s137>Swanton p. 137.</ref> As a result, he was awarded the honour of carrying the flag at the closing ceremony.<ref name=s137/><ref>Hunter, pp. 302–303.</ref>
{{MedalTableTop|name=no|header=[[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|2002 Pan Pacific Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]] | 48.84}}
{{MedalGold | [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]] | 1:44.75}}
{{MedalGold | [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]] | 3:45.28}}
{{MedalGold | [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]] | 3:15.41}}
{{MedalGold | [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]] | 7:09.00}}
{{MedalSilver | [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]] | 3:34.84}}
{{MedalBottom}}
The Pan Pacific Championships followed in [[Yokohama]] less than a month later, with media speculation about Thorpe and Frost overshadowing the racing.<ref>Hunter, pp. 304–305.</ref> Thorpe began his campaign with a victory over Hackett in the [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400&nbsp;m freestyle]] in a time five seconds outside his world record. Afterwards, he revealed that both he and Hackett had deliberately conserved energy for the [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100&nbsp;m freestyle relay]] later in the night.<ref name=h306>Hunter, p. 306.</ref> Australia subsequently won the relay, with Thorpe again overtaking [[Jason Lezak]] in the last 50&nbsp;m.<ref name=h306/><ref>{{cite news|title=Thorpe does just enough|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/2214725.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=24 August 2006|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116020224/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/2214725.stm|archive-date=16 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently won the [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200&nbsp;m freestyle]], and anchored the [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;200&nbsp;m freestyle relay]] to victory to take his tally to four golds.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thorpe on target|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/2217302.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=26 August 2006|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116045026/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/2217302.stm|archive-date=16 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Hunter, p.&nbsp;307.</ref> After qualifying second in the [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100&nbsp;m freestyle]], Thorpe came from fourth at the 50&nbsp;m mark win his fifth gold in a time of 48.84&nbsp;s.<ref name="swiminfo 2002"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Thorpe bags fifth gold|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/2221252.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=26 August 2006|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116020229/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/2221252.stm|archive-date=16 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hunter, p. 308">Hunter, p. 308.</ref> Thorpe's run ended in the [[2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100&nbsp;m medley relay]] final, when despite setting the second fastest ever relay split of 47.20&nbsp;s, Australia were defeated.<ref>{{cite news|title=US sets new world best|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/2223324.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=29 August 2006|access-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116020234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/2223324.stm|archive-date=16 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Hunter, pp. 307–309.</ref>