Editing Iacchus (section)

==Identification with Dionysus==
Iacchus is associated with Dionysus at least as early as the 5th century BC.<ref>Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA125 p. 125]; Bowie, A. M., p. 232; Harrison, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdJMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA540 pp. 540&ndash;542].</ref> The association may have arisen because of the homophony of the names Iacchus and Bacchus, one of the names of Dionysus. Two [[black-figure]] [[Lekythos|lekythoi]] (c. 500 BC) may represent the earliest evidence for such an association. The nearly-identical vases, one in Berlin<ref>[[Antikensammlung Berlin]] F1961 ([http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/1C4DA6AF-C361-4BE2-BD81-0CCBE7B2C1EA Beazley Archive 302354]).</ref> and the other in Rome,<ref>[[National Etruscan Museum]] 42884, ([http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/C884C067-90A7-4F97-9E31-08D54C75039A Beazley Archive 9017720]).</ref> depict Dionysus along with the inscription ''IAKXNE'', a possible miswriting of ''IAKXE''.<ref>Versnel, pp. 32 ff.; Bowie, A. M., p. 232.</ref>

More certain early evidence can be found in the works of the 5th-century BC Athenian tragedians [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]].<ref>Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA127 p. 127]; Graf 2005, "Iacchus".</ref> In [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Antigone (Sophocles)|Antigone]]'' (c. 441 BC), an ode to Dionysus begins by addressing Dionysus as the "God of many names" (''πολυώνυμε''), who rules over the glens of Demeter's Eleusis, and ends by identifying him with "Iacchus the Giver", who leads "the chorus of the stars whose breath is fire" and whose "attendant Thyiads" dance in "night-long frenzy".<ref>Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 p. 279], Bowie, A. M., pp. 232&ndash;233; Sophocles, ''Antigone''  [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1115-1125 1115&ndash;1125], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1146-1154 1146&ndash;1154]; Versnel, pp. 23&ndash;24. Jebb, in his [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0023%3Atext%3Dcomm%3Acommline%3D1146 note to line 1146 '''χοράγ᾽ ἄστρων'''], understands the Sophoclean use of the name "Iacchus" as specifically denoting the Eleusinian Dionysus.</ref> And in a fragment from a lost play, Sophocles describes [[Nysa (mythology)|Nysa]], Dionysus' traditional place of nurture: "From here I caught sight of Nysa, haunt of Bacchus, famed among mortals, which Iacchus of the bull's horns counts as his beloved nurse".<ref>Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 pp. 279&ndash;280]; Bowie, A. M., p. 233; [[Sophocles]], fragment 959 Radt (Lloyd-Jones, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-fragments_not_assignable_any_play/1996/pb_LCL483.415.xml pp. 414, 415]).</ref> In [[Euripides]]' ''[[The Bacchae|Bacchae]]'' (c. 405 BC), a messenger, describing the Bacchic revelries on mount [[Cithaeron]], associates Iacchus with [[Bromius]], another of the names of Dionysus, saying, they "began to wave the thyrsos ... calling on Iacchus, the son of Zeus, Bromius, with united voice."<ref>Encinas Reguero, p. 350; Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA282 p. 282, with n. 41]; Bowie, A. M., p. 233; [[Euripides]], ''[[The Bacchae|Bacchae]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg017.perseus-eng1:677-727 725]. Jiménez San Cristóbal also sees possible associations between Iacchus and Dionysus in Euripides: ''[[Ion (play)|Ion]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:1074-1089 1074&ndash;1086], ''[[The Trojan Women]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg011.perseus-eng1:1226-1231 1230], ''[[Cyclops (play)|Cyclops]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg001.perseus-eng1:63-81 68&ndash;71], and fr. 586 Kannicht (''apud'' [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.13 10.3.13]) = fr. 586 Nauck (Collard and Cropp, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.57.xml pp. 56, 57]).</ref>

An inscription found on a stone [[stele]]  (c. 340 BC), found at [[Delphi]], contains a paean to Dionysus, which describes the travels of Dionysus to various locations in Greece where he was honored.<ref>Bowie, E. L., [https://books.google.com/books/about/Hymnic_Narrative_and_the_Narratology_of.html?id=7MVWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 pp. 101&ndash;110]; Fantuzzi, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=K73Tt_X1YaoC&pg=PA189 189], [https://books.google.com/books?id=K73Tt_X1YaoC&pg=PA190 190], [https://books.google.com/books?id=K73Tt_X1YaoC&pg=PA191 191]; PHI Greek Inscriptions, [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/237910 BCH 19 (1895) 393].</ref> From [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], where he was born, he first went to [[Delphi]] where he displayed his "starry body", and with "Delphian girls" took his "place on the folds of Parnassus",<ref>21&ndash;24, Bowie, E. L., [https://books.google.com/books/about/Hymnic_Narrative_and_the_Narratology_of.html?id=7MVWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 pp. 101&ndash;102].</ref> then next to [[Eleusis]], where he is called "Iacchus":

:And in your hand brandishing your night-
:lighting flame, with god-possessed frenzy
:you went to the vales of Eleusis
:...
:where the whole people of Hellas'
:land, alongside your own native witnesses
:of the holy mysteries, calls upon you
:as Iacchus: for mortals from their pains
:you have opened a haven without toils.<ref>27&ndash;35, Bowie, E. L., [https://books.google.com/books/about/Hymnic_Narrative_and_the_Narratology_of.html?id=7MVWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 p. 102].</ref>

[[Strabo]] says that Greeks "give the name 'Iacchus' not only to Dionysus but also to the leader-in-chief of the mysteries".<ref>[[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.10 10.3.10].</ref> For the identification of Iacchus with Dionysus in an [[Orphism (religion)|Orphic]] context see ''Orphic Hymn'' 42.4, 49.3.<ref>Athanassakis and Wolkow, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA37 37], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA41 41].</ref>

===Dionysus Zagreus===
In particular Iacchus was identified with [[Zagreus|Dionysus Zagreus]], who was a son of [[Zeus]] and Persephone.<ref>Parker, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358 p. 358];  Grimal, s.v. Iacchus; Tripp, s.v. Iacchus; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DI%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Diacchus-bio-1 s.v. Iacchus].</ref> This [[Orphism (religion)|Orphic]] Dionysus was, as an infant, attacked and dismembered by the Titans, but later reborn as Dionysus, the wine-god son of Zeus and [[Semele]], the daughter of [[Cadmus]], the first king of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]]. As noted above, Sophocles mentions "Iacchus of the bull's horns", and according to the 1st-century BC historian [[Diodorus Siculus]], it was this older Dionysus who was represented in painting and sculpture with horns, because he “excelled in sagacity and was the first to attempt the yoking of oxen and by their aid to effect the sowing of the seed”.<ref>Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 pp. 279&ndash;280]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#4 4.4.2], see also [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html#64 3.64.1–2].</ref> [[Arrian]], the 2nd-century Greek historian, wrote that it was to this Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Persephone, "not the Theban Dionysus, that the mystic chant ‘Iacchus’ is sung".<ref>[[Arrian]], ''[[Anabasis of Alexander]]'' [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/arrian-anabasis_alexander/1976/pb_LCL236.181.xml?rskey=NlzLtT&result=1&mainRsKey=nBdH9M 2.16.3]</ref> And the 2nd-century poet [[Lucian]] refers to the "dismemberment of Iacchus".<ref>[[Lucian]], ''De Saltatione'' ("The Dance") 39 ([https://archive.org/stream/lucianhar05luciuoft#page/250/mode/2up Harmon, pp. 250, 251]).</ref>

===Nonnus===
The 4th- or 5th-century poet [[Nonnus]], associates the name Iacchus with a "third" Dionysus.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n61/mode/2up 1.26&ndash;28 I pp. 4, 5 with Rouse' note a]; Bernabé and García-Gasco, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sLW9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 p. 109].</ref> He describes the Athenian celebrations given to the first [[Zagreus|Dionysus Zagreus]] son of [[Persephone]], the second Dionysus [[Bromios]] son of [[Semele]], and the third Dionysus Iacchus:
:They [the Athenians] honoured him as a god next after the son of Persephoneia, and after Semele's son; they established sacrifices for Dionysos late born and Dionysos first born, and third they chanted a new hymn for Iacchos. In these three celebrations Athens held high revel; in the dance lately made, the Athenians beat the step in honour of Zagreus and Bromios and Iacchos all together.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/492/mode/2up 48.962&ndash;968 III pp. 492, 493].</ref>