Editing Hydraulics (section)

== Modern history ==

During the mid 16th century, Italian engineer [[Giuseppe Ceredi]] advanced the design of the [[Archimedes' screw|Archimedean screw]] pump, applying mathematical principles to improve its efficiency for irrigation and drainage and secured a patent for his developments. Ceredi's innovations, documented in ''Tre discorsi sopra il modo d'alzar acque da' luoghi bassi'' (1567), led to widespread adoption of the technology throughout Southern Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Traetta |first=Luigi |title=Explorations in the History and Heritage of Machines and Mechanisms |date=2018-12-12 |chapter=Giuseppe Ceredi. A Hydraulic Engineer in 16th-Century Italy |series=History of Mechanism and Machine Science |volume=37 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-03538-9_2 |isbn=978-3-030-03537-2 |s2cid=115285603 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Giuseppe Ceredi - |url=https://zaalbooks.nl/books/book.php?full=&sort=&cat=Science%2520%2526%2520Technology&mod=hoofd&hfdid=&subid=&page=1&bnr=26487&length=8&cust_id=990048 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=zaalbooks.nl}}</ref> In 1619 [[Benedetto Castelli]], a student of [[Galileo Galilei]], published the book ''Della Misura dell'Acque Correnti'' or "On the Measurement of Running Waters," one of the foundations of modern hydrodynamics. He served as a chief consultant to the Pope on hydraulic projects, i.e., management of rivers in the Papal States, beginning in 1626.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/castelli.html|title=The Galileo Project – Science – Benedetto Castelli|website=Galileo.rice.edu}}</ref> The science and engineering of water in Italy from 1500-1800 in books and manuscripts is presented in an illustrated catalog published in 2022.<ref>Andrews, Mark E. 2022. ''The Science and Engineering of Water: An Illustrated Catalogue of Books and Manuscripts on Italian Hydraulics 1500-1800.'' Toronto: AE Publications.</ref>

[[Blaise Pascal]] (1623–1662) studied fluid hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids. His discovery on the theory behind hydraulics led to his invention of the [[hydraulic press]], which multiplied a smaller force acting on a smaller area into the application of a larger force totaled over a larger area, transmitted through the same pressure (or exact change of pressure) at both locations. [[Pascal's law]] or principle states that for an incompressible fluid at rest, the difference in pressure is proportional to the difference in height, and this difference remains the same whether or not the overall pressure of the fluid is changed by applying an external force. This implies that by increasing the pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other end in the container, i.e., any change in pressure applied at any point of the liquid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluids.

A French physician, [[Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille|Poiseuille]] (1797–1869) researched the flow of blood through the body and discovered an important law governing the rate of flow with the diameter of the tube in which flow occurred.<ref>Sutera and Skalak, Salvatore and Richard. The History of Poiseuille's Law. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1993. 25: 1-19.</ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

Several cities developed citywide [[hydraulic power network]]s in the 19th century, to operate machinery such as lifts, cranes, capstans and the like. [[Joseph Bramah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/engineering/biography/bramah.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024053301/http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/engineering/biography/bramah.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 October 2006 |title=Joseph Bramah |website=Robinsonlibrary.com |date=2014-03-23 |access-date=2014-04-08}}</ref> (1748–1814) was an early innovator and [[William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong|William Armstrong]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/technology/engineers/armstrong.html |title=William George Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Cragside (1810-1900) |website=Victorianweb.org |date=2005-12-22 |access-date=2014-04-08}}</ref> (1810–1900) perfected the apparatus for power delivery on an industrial scale. In London, the [[London Hydraulic Power Company]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/h/hydraulic_power_in_london/index.shtml |title=Subterranea Britannica: Sites: Hydraulic power in London |website=Subbrit.org.uk |date=1981-09-25 |access-date=2014-04-08}}</ref> was a major supplier its pipes serving large parts of the [[West End of London]], [[City of London|City]] and the [[London Docks|Docks]], but there were schemes restricted to single enterprises such as docks and [[railway]] [[goods yard]]s.