Editing Homicide (section)

== Rates ==
{{Main|List of countries by intentional homicide rate}}
[[File:World map of homicide rates per 100,000 people.png |thumb|upright=1.2|Map of [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate|intentional homicide rate per 100,000]] with data source [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]<ref name=OWID>{{cite web |title=Homicide rate |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc}}</ref>]]
[[File:20241113 Homicide rates vs gross national income per person, by country.svg|thumb|upright=1.2| National homicide rates are generally lower in high-income countries.<ref name=HomicideVsIncome>Homicide data from {{cite web |author1=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |title=Homicide rate, 2023 / Annual number of deaths from homicide per 100,000 people |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113181658/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table |archive-date=13 November 2024 |date=2024 |quote=Data source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2024) |url-status=live}}<br>● Income data from {{cite web |author1=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |title=Gross national income (GNI) per capita |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gross-national-income-per-capita-undp?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113182218/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gross-national-income-per-capita-undp?tab=table |archive-date=13 November 2024 |date=2024 |url-status=live |quote=Data source: UNDP, Human Development Report (2024)}}</ref>]]
[[File:2021 Homicide rates in countries with highest homicide rates - variable-width bar chart.svg |thumb|upright=1.2|The countries with the most homicides per unit population are generally countries with small populations (very narrow rectangles in chart).<ref name=UNODC_homicides_2021/>]]

===Global===
A 2011 study by the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] brought together a wide variety of data sources to create a worldwide picture of trends and developments.<ref name=un2011>{{cite web|title=2011 Global Study on Homicide|url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/global-study-on-homicide-2011.html|website=UNODC|publisher=[[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]|access-date=10 May 2018|date=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218181622/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/global-study-on-homicide-2011.html|archive-date=18 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sources included multiple agencies and field offices of the [[United Nations]], the [[World Health Organization]], and national and international sources from 207 countries.

The report estimated that in 2010, the total number of homicides globally was 468,000. More than a third (36%) occurred in [[Africa]], 31 percent in the [[Americas]], 27 percent in [[Asia]], five percent in [[Europe]] and one percent in [[Oceania]]. Since 1995, the homicide rate has been falling in Europe, North America, and Asia, but has risen to a near "crisis point" in [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]]. Of all homicides worldwide, 82 percent of the victims were men, and 18 percent were women.<ref name=jr-un-2011>{{cite news |url = http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/un-2011-global-study-homicide/ |title = United Nations 2011 Global Study on Homicide |publisher = Journalist's Resource |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111230000157/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/un-2011-global-study-homicide/ |archive-date = 30 December 2011 |df = dmy-all |access-date = 2 December 2011 }}</ref> On a per-capita scaled level, "the homicide rate in Africa and the Americas (at 17 and 16 per 100,000 population, respectively) is more than double the global average (6.9 per 100,000), whereas in Asia, Europe and Oceania (between 3 and 4 per 100,000) it is roughly half".<ref name=jr-un-2011 />

In its 2013 global report, UNODC estimated the total number of homicides worldwide had dropped to 437,000 in 2012. The Americas accounted for 36 percent of all homicides globally, Africa 21 percent, Asia 38 percent, Europe five percent and Oceania 0.3%.<ref name=UNODC13>UNODC, [http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf Global Study on Homicide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183851/http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf |date=3 November 2014 }} 2013 Report</ref> The world's average homicide rate stood at 6.2 per 100,000 population in 2012, but the Southern Africa region and Central America had intentional homicide rates four times higher than the world average. They were the most violent regions globally, outside of regions experiencing wars and religious or sociopolitical terrorism.<ref name=UNODC13 /> Asia exclusive of West Asia and Central Asia, Western Europe, Northern Europe, as well as Oceania had the lowest homicide rates in the world. About 41 percent of the homicides worldwide occurred in 2012 with the use of guns, 24 percent by [[stabbing]] with sharp objects such as knife, and 35 percent by other means such as poison. The global conviction rate for the crime of intentional homicide in 2012 was 43 percent.<ref>UNODC, [http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf Global Study on Homicide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183851/http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf |date=3 November 2014 }} 2013 Report, page 18</ref>

The 2011 Global Study on Homicide reported that "[W]here homicide rates are high and firearms and [[organized crime]] in the form of [[drug trafficking]] play a substantial role, 1 in 50 men aged 20 will be murdered before they reach the age of 31. At the other, the probability of such an occurrence is up to 400 times lower. [H]omicide is much more common in countries with low levels of human development, high levels of [[income inequality]] and weak [[rule of law]] than in more [[equitable society|equitable societies]], where socioeconomic stability seems to be something of an antidote to homicide. In cases of intimate partner and family-related homicide cases, women murdered by their past or present male partner make up the vast majority of homicide victims worldwide."<ref name=un2011 />

===Historic European===
{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:10px; text-align:center"
|-
! Estimated homicide rates<br />in Europe{{r|eisner|p=100}}
! Deaths per year<br />per 100,000 population
|-
| 13th–14th centuries
| 32
|-
| 15th century
| 41
|-
| 16th century
| 19 
|-
| 17th century
| 11
|-
| 18th century
| 3.2 
|-
| 19th century
| 2.6 
|-
| 20th century
| 1.4
|}
In the mid-second millennium, local levels of violence in Europe were extremely high by the standards of modern developed countries. Typically, small groups of people would battle their neighbors using the farm tools at hand, such as knives, sickles, hammers, and axes. Mayhem and death were deliberate. The vast majority of Europeans lived in rural areas till 1800. Cities were few, and small in size, but their concentration of population was conducive to violence and their trends resembled those in rural areas.<ref name=eisner>{{cite journal |last1=Eisner |first1=Manuel |title=Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279936907 |journal=Crime and Justice |date=2003 |volume=30 |pages=83–142 |doi=10.1086/652229|s2cid=53317626 }}</ref>  Across Europe, homicide trends show a steady long-term decline.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stone |first1=Lawrence |title=Interpersonal Violence in English Society, 1300–1980 |journal=Past and Present |date=1983 |issue=101 |pages=22–33 |doi=10.1093/past/101.1.22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thome |first1=Helmut |title=Explaining Long Term Trends in Violent Crime |journal=Crime, Histoire & Sociétés |date=1 January 2001 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=69–86 |doi=10.4000/chs.738|pmid=19582950 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Regional differences were small, except that Italy's decline was later and slower. From about 1200 AD through 1800 AD, homicide rates from violent local episodes, not including military actions, declined by a factor of ten, from approximately 32 deaths per 100,000 people to 3.2 per 100,000. In the 20th century, the homicide rate fell to 1.4 per 100,000. Police forces seldom existed outside the cities; prisons only became common after 1800. Before then, harsh penalties were imposed for homicide (severe whipping or execution) but they proved ineffective at controlling or reducing the insults to honor that precipitated most of the violence.<ref>On the growing role of local government in reducing local feuds see Matthew H. Lockwood, ''Death, Justice and the State: The Coroner and the Monopoly of Violence in England, 1500–1800'' (2014) and his ''The Conquest of Death: Violence and the Birth of the Modern English State'' (2017).</ref> The decline does not correlate with economics or measures of state control. Most historians attribute the trend in homicides to a steady increase in [[self-control]] of the sort promoted by [[Protestantism]], and necessitated by schools and factories.{{r|eisner|pp=127–32}} Eisner argues that macro-level indicators for societal efforts to promote [[civility]], self-discipline, and long-sightedness are strongly associated with fluctuations in homicide rates over the past six centuries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eisner |first1=Manuel |title=From Swords to Words: Does Macro-Level Change in Self-Control Predict Long-Term Variation in Levels of Homicide? |journal=Crime and Justice |date=2014 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=65–134 |doi=10.1086/677662 |s2cid=144894344 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264402032}}</ref>

===United States===
{{see also|List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate }}
{{ multiple image | total_width=500
| image1= Homicide rates per 100,000 by state. CDC. US map.svg |caption1= Homicide rates by U.S. state per 100,000 residents<ref name=cdc-table>[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/homicide_mortality/homicide.htm Homicide Mortality by State]. [[National Center for Health Statistics]]. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]].</ref><ref name=NH>[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/newhampshire/nh.htm New Hampshire]. [[National Center for Health Statistics]]. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]].</ref><ref name=VT>[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/vermont/vt.htm Vermont]. [[National Center for Health Statistics]]. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]].</ref>
| image2= Homicide rate by county.webp |caption2= Homicide rate by county
}}
[[File:2021 Homicide rates in high-income countries - variable-width bar chart.svg|thumb |Among 15 high-income countries, the U.S. has both the highest homicide rate, and the largest number of homicides.<ref name=UNODC_homicides_2021>● Homicide data from {{cite web |title=Homicide rate UNODC / Homicide rate, 2021 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table |website=OurWorldInData.org |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241104050317/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table |archive-date=4 November 2024 |date=2023 |url-status=live}}
<br>● 2021 Population data from {{cite web |title=The World Factbook (2021 Archive) Country Comparisons – Population |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/population/country-comparison |publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704193118/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/population/country-comparison |archive-date=4 July 2024 |url-status=live}}
<br>● List of high-income countries from {{cite web |title=High-Income Countries 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/high-income-countries |publisher=World Population Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620013723/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/high-income-countries |archive-date=20 June 2024 |date=2024 |quote=World Bank's income categories are updated annually, at the start of each financial year, and are based upon the most recently released data, which tends to be 1.5 years previous. |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Map of US, feticide laws.svg|thumb |Fetal homicide laws in the United States {{legend|#02ffff;|"Homicide" or "murder"}}
{{legend|#ffff00;|Other crime against fetus}}
{{legend|#ff3399;|Depends on age of fetus}}
{{legend|#00ff00;|Assaulting mother}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0;|No law on feticide}}
]]

In the US, the [[National Violent Death Reporting System]] is a centralized database of relevant information from [[death certificate]]s, [[coroner]] and [[medical examiner]] records, and law enforcement reports, which emerged from the ''National Violent Injury Statistics System''. This public health surveillance tool began collecting data in 2003 and is analyzed by the [[National Center for Injury Prevention and Control]] at the CDC to provide nationally representative data.

In 2020, there were 18,439 cases of single homicide (28.6% of all violent deaths)  in the 48 states and DC, a rate of 6.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. There were 695 cases of multiple homicide (1%) and 571 cases (<1%) of homicide followed by suicide with an overall homicide rate of 7.5 per 100,000 population. The weapons most commonly used in homicides were firearms, used in 76.7% of homicides overall; followed by a sharp instrument (9%); a blunt instrument (3%); personal weapons (e.g., hands, feet, or fists; 2.5%); and hanging, strangulation, or suffocation (1.5%). Among all homicide victims, a house or apartment was the most common location of homicide (41%); followed by a street or highway (22%); a motor vehicle (10%); and a parking lot, public garage, or public transport (4.5%). Precipitating circumstances were identified in 69% of homicides. One-third of homicides with known circumstances were precipitated by an argument or conflict (34%), and 15% of homicides with known circumstances were related to [[intimate partner violence]]. Homicides also were commonly precipitated by another crime (23%); in 66% of those cases, the crime was in progress at the time of the incident like assault or homicide (38.9%), robbery (32.9%), drug trade (14.5%), burglary (11%), motor vehicle theft (5%), rape or sexual assault (2%). A larger proportion of homicides of females than males resulted from [[caregiver abuse]] or neglect (9.0% versus 2.7%) or were perpetrated by a suspect with a [[mental health problem]] (e.g., schizophrenia or other psychotic conditions, depression, or [[posttraumatic stress disorder]]) (6.3% versus 1.7%). Homicide rates are known to be higher in males and in communities with concentrated poverty, stressed economies, residential instability, neighborhood disorganization, low community cohesion, and informal controls. The overall firearm homicide rate in 2020 was higher than in the last 20 years, disproportionately borne by Native Americans and Black persons. It is thought that the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] increased social and economic stress.<ref name="mmwr">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Grace S. |date=2023 |title=Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 48 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7205a1.htm |journal=MMWR. Surveillance Summaries |language=en-us |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss7205a1 |pmid=37220104 |s2cid=258865008 |issn=1546-0738|pmc=10208308 }}</ref>