Editing Holy Lance (section)

== Literary ==
[[File:Richard Wagner, Parsifal, Nur eine Waffe taugt (Arnaldo Dell'Ira 1903-1943).jpg|thumb|left|The Holy Lance in ''[[Parsifal]]'', Act 3 (by [[Arnaldo dell'Ira]], {{circa|1930}})]]

The Holy Lance has been conflated with the bleeding lance depicted in the unfinished 12th century romance ''[[Perceval, the Story of the Grail]]'' by [[Chrétien de Troyes]].<ref name="Brown 1910">{{cite journal |author-last=Brown |author-first=Arthur Charles Lewis |author-link=Arthur Charles Lewis Brown |title=The Bleeding Lance |journal=Publications of the Modern Language Association of America |date=1910 |volume=XXV |number=1 |pages=1–59 |jstor=456810 |doi=10.2307/456810 |s2cid=163517936 |url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-456810/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|1–2}}  The story also refers to a ''javelot'' that has wounded the [[Fisher King]],  which may or may not be intended to be one and the same with the bleeding lance.<ref name="Brown 1910"/>{{rp|3}}<ref name="Nitze 1946">{{cite journal |title=The Bleeding Lance and Philip of Flanders |author-first=William A. |author-last=Nitze |journal=Speculum |date=July 1946 |volume=21 |number=3 |pages=303–311 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |doi=10.2307/2851373 |jstor=2851373|s2cid=162229439 }}</ref> Chrétien ascribes supernaturally destructive powers to the bleeding spear, which are inconsistent with any Christian tradition.<ref name="Brown 1910"/>{{rp|2, 6–7, 11–13, 17}}  Nevertheless, the continuations of Chrétien's poem attempted to explain the mysteries of the bleeding spear by identifying it with the lance from John 19:34.<ref name="Brown 1910"/>{{rp|14–15}}<ref name="Peebles 1911"/>{{rp|166}}<ref name="Loomis 1991">{{cite book |title=The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol |author-last=Loomis |author-first=Roger Sherman |author-link=Roger Sherman Loomis |date=1991 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University |isbn=9780691020754 |url=https://archive.org/details/grailfromcelticm0000loom_j3u8/ |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref>{{rp|79}}

Chrétien's ''Perceval'' was adapted by [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]] into the German epic ''[[Parzival]]''.<ref name="Hatto 1947">{{cite journal |title=Two Notes on Chrétien and Wolfram |author-link=Arthur Thomas Hatto |author-last=Hatto |author-first=A. T. |journal=The Modern Language Review |date=April 1947 |volume=42 |number=2 |pages=243–246 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |doi=10.2307/3717233 |jstor=3717233}}</ref><ref name="Hatto 1949">{{cite journal |title=On Chretien and Wolfram |author-link=Arthur Thomas Hatto |author-last=Hatto |author-first=A. T. |journal=The Modern Language Review |date=July 1949 |volume=44 |number=3 |pages=380–385 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |doi=10.2307/3717658 |jstor=3717658}}</ref>  Like Chrétien, Wolfram depicts the bleeding lance in a manner that cannot easily be reconciled with the spear of Longinus.<ref name="Brown 1910"/>{{rp|5}}  ''Parzival'' became the primary source for [[Richard Wagner]]'s 1882 opera ''[[Parsifal]]'', in which the Fisher King is wounded by the spear that pierced Jesus's side.<ref name="Becket 1981">{{Cite book |last = Beckett |first = Lucy |title = Richard Wagner: Parsifal |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 1981 |isbn=0-521-29662-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/richardwagner0000unse |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|1, 16–20}}