Editing Hoboken, New Jersey (section)

====World War I====
{{further|Hoboken Port of Embarkation}}
When the U.S. entered [[World War I]], the [[Hamburg-American Line]] piers in Hoboken and [[New Orleans]] were taken under [[eminent domain]].<ref>Staff. [https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/20/archives/army-put-in-charge-of-piers-in-hoboken-waterfront-used-by-teuton.html "Army put in charge of piers in Hoboken; Waterfront Used by Teuton Lines to be a Government Shipping Base. Mayor Reassures Germans May Live in the District So Long as They Are Orderly;-Strict Rules for Saloons. Army put in charge of piers in Hoboken would use German Ships. Marine Experts Want Them to Carry Food to the Allies."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728003413/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/20/archives/army-put-in-charge-of-piers-in-hoboken-waterfront-used-by-teuton.html |date=July 28, 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 20, 1917. Accessed September 13, 2018. "About a quarter of a mile of Hoboken's writer front is technically under martial law today. Military authority superseded civil authority early yesterday morning along that part of the shore line occupied by the big North German Lloyd and Hamburg American Line piers, and armed sentries kept persons on the opposite side of the street from the pier yards."</ref> Federal control of the port and anti-German sentiment led to part of the city being placed under martial law, and many German immigrants were forcibly moved to [[Ellis Island]] or left the city of their own accord.<ref>[http://www.thirteen.org/hoboken/history_post.html History of Hoboken: Post-Industrial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605015551/http://www.thirteen.org/hoboken/history_post.html |date=June 5, 2011 }}, [[WNET]]. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Yet when the United States entered World War I on the side of Britain and France, this all changed. The U.S. government seized control of Hoboken's piers and the German ships docked there. Martial law was declared in sections of the city, and many Germans were sent to Ellis Island. Thousands of Germans left Hoboken, and soon the city became known for its large Italian population."</ref> Hoboken became the major point of embarkation and more than three million soldiers, known as "[[doughboy]]s", passed through the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doughboysofnyc.com/Doughboy1.html |title=Doughboys |website=DoughboysOfNYC.com |access-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710145706/http://www.doughboysofnyc.com/Doughboy1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Their hope for an early return led to [[John J. Pershing|General Pershing]]'s slogan, "Heaven, Hell or Hoboken... by Christmas."<ref>[http://www.hobokenmuseum.org/pressrelease/HHMpr080827WWIExhibit.pdf Heaven, Hell or Hoboken: Exhibit, Lecture Series Bring Hoboken's World War I Experience to Life] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129072539/http://www.hobokenmuseum.org/pressrelease/HHMpr080827WWIExhibit.pdf |date=January 29, 2012 }}, Hoboken Historical Museum & Cultural Center, August 27, 2008. Accessed November 27, 2011. "The designation meant national fame for Hoboken – General John J. Pershing's promise to the troops that they'd be in 'Heaven, Hell or Hoboken' by Christmas of 1917 became a national rallying cry for a swift end to the war, which actually dragged on for another year."</ref>

Following the war, [[Italians]], mostly stemming from the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] port city of [[Molfetta]], became the city's major ethnic group, with the [[Irish ethnicity|Irish]] also having a strong presence.<ref>Baldwin, Carly. [http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/09/2009_hoboken_italian_festival.html "2009 Hoboken Italian Festival begins tomorrow!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802025236/http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/09/2009_hoboken_italian_festival.html |date=August 2, 2014 }}, [[NJ.com]], September 9, 2009. Accessed September 1, 2015. "To bless their local industry, fishermen and sailors of Molfetta would carry the Madonna through the streets of town. Later generations would later emigrate from Molfetta and the surrounding region to Hoboken, where the centuries-old tradition continues."</ref> While the city experienced the [[Great Depression]], jobs in the ships yards and factories were still available, and the tenements were bustling. Middle-European Jews, mostly German-speaking, also made their way to the city and established small businesses. The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], which was established on April 30, 1921, oversaw the development of the [[Holland Tunnel]] (completed in 1927) and the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] (in 1937), allowing for easier vehicular travel between New Jersey and New York City, bypassing the waterfront.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}