Editing Ho Chi Minh (section)

==In the Soviet Union and China==
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{{external media|width=160px|float=left|headerimage=|video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?160224-1/ho-chi-minh-life ''Booknotes'' interview with William Duiker on ''Hồ Chí Minh: A Life'', 12 November 2000], [[C-SPAN]]}}
[[File:Impasse Compoint.JPG|thumb|A plaque in {{ill|Compoint Lane|fr|Villa Compoint}}, District 17, Paris indicates where Hồ Chí Minh lived from 1921 to 1923]]
In 1923, Quốc (Hồ) left Paris for [[Moscow]] carrying a passport with the name Chen Vang, a Chinese merchant,<ref name=Duiker />{{rp|86}} where he was employed by the [[Comintern]], studied at the [[Communist University of the Toilers of the East]]<ref name=Duiker />{{rp|92}}<ref name=" NYT1969">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/section/learning|title=The Learning Network|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> and in January 1924, attended [[Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin|Lenin's funeral]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |title=The Cold War in East Asia |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-65179-1 |location=Abingdon, Oxon}}</ref>{{Rp|page=96}} Hồ participated in the [[Comintern#Fifth to Seventh World Congresses: 1925–1935|Fifth Comintern Congress]] in June 1924 before arriving in Canton (present-day [[Guangzhou]]), [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] in November 1924 using the name Ly Thuy. The Comintern assigned him to assist and interpret for [[Mikhail Borodin]], who was the Comintern envoy to the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee there.<ref name=":02" />

In Canton, Hồ organized the Association of Vietnamese Youth.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=96}} He opened a political training school for Vietnamese revolutionaries,<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=96}} and in 1925–1926, he organized "Youth Education Classes" and occasionally gave socialist lectures to Vietnamese revolutionary young people living in Canton at the [[Whampoa Military Academy]]. These young people would become the seeds of a new revolutionary, pro-communist movement in Vietnam several years later. According to [[William Duiker]], he lived with a Chinese woman, [[Zeng Xueming]] (Tăng Tuyết Minh), whom he married on 18 October 1926.{{sfn|Brocheux|2007|p=39}} When his comrades objected to the match, he told them: "I will get married despite your disapproval because I need a woman to teach me the language and keep house".{{sfn|Brocheux|2007|p=39}} She was 21 and he was 36. They married in the same place where [[Zhou Enlai]] had married earlier and then lived in the residence of Borodin.{{sfn|Brocheux|2007|p=39}}

[[Hoàng Văn Chí]], a Vietnamese anti-communist writer, argued that in June 1925 he betrayed [[Phan Bội Châu]], the famous leader of a rival revolutionary faction and his father's old friend, to French Secret Service agents in Shanghai for 100,000 [[French Indochinese piastre|piastres]].<ref name="Davidson">Davidson, Phillip B., [https://books.google.com/books?id=seXWfsD46QQC ''Vietnam at War: The History: 1946–1975''] (1991), p. 4.<br/>[[Hoàng Văn Chí]]. ''From Colonialism to Communism'' (1964), p. 18.</ref> A source states that he later claimed he did it because he expected Châu's trial to stir up anti-French sentiment and because he needed the money to establish a communist organization.<ref name="Davidson"/> In ''Ho Chi Minh: A Life'', William Duiker considered this hypothesis, but ultimately rejected it.<ref name=Duiker/>{{rp|126–128}} Other sources claim that Nguyễn Thượng Huyện was responsible for Chau's capture. Chau, sentenced to lifetime [[house arrest]], never denounced Quốc.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

After [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[July 15 Incident|1927 anti-communist coup]], Quốc (Hồ) left Canton again in April 1927 and returned to Moscow, spending part of the summer of 1927 recuperating from [[tuberculosis]] in [[Crimea]] before returning to Paris once more in November. He then returned to Asia by way of [[Brussels]], Berlin, Switzerland, and Italy, where he sailed to [[Bangkok]], Thailand, arriving in July 1928. "Although we have been separated for almost a year, our feelings for each other do not have to be said to be felt", he reassured [[Tăng Tuyết Minh|Zeng]] in an intercepted letter.{{sfn|Brocheux|2007|p=39}}

[[File:Milano - viale Pasubio 10 - Antica Trattoria della Pesa - 02.jpg|thumb|Hồ Chí Minh worked as a cook all over the world from 1911 to 1928, including [[Milan]]. This plaque in Via Pasubio, on the left next to "Antica Trattoria Della Pesa", remembers one of his workplaces.]]

[[File:NKPhaNom'NhaLuuNiem-HoChiMinh.jpg|thumb|House on Memorium for Hồ Chí Minh in Ban Nachok, [[Nakhon Phanom]], Thailand]]

Quốc (Hồ) remained in Thailand, staying in the Thai village of [[Nakhon Phanom Province#Sights|Nachok]]{{sfn|Brocheux|2007|p=44 and xiii}} until late 1929, when he moved on to [[British Raj|India]] and then [[Shanghai]]. In [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] in early 1930, he chaired a meeting with representatives from two Vietnamese communist parties to merge them into a unified organization, the Communist Party of Vietnam.<ref name="scmp.com" /> He also founded the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP).{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=11}} In June 1931, Hồ was arrested by the [[Hong Kong Police Force]] (HKPF) as part of a joint operation between the French authorities in Indochina and the HKPF; scheduled to be extradited from Hong Kong to French Indochina, Hồ was successfully defended by British solicitor Frank Loseby.<ref name="scmp.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1270146/then-now-name-law|title=Then & now: In the name of the law|date=30 June 2013 }}</ref> Eventually, after appeals to the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|British Privy Council]], Hồ was reported as dead in 1932 to avoid being extradited to Indochina;{{sfn|Brocheux|2007|pp=57–58}} it was ruled that, though he would be deported from Hong Kong as an undesirable, it would not be to a destination controlled by France.<ref name="scmp.com"/> Hồ was eventually released and escorted to [[Shantou]].<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=98}} He subsequently returned to the [[Soviet Union]] and studied and taught at the [[Lenin Institute]] in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1863.html|title=Ho Chi Minh|work=u-s-history.com|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213221915/http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1863.html|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In this period Hồ reportedly lost his positions in the Comintern because of a concern that he had betrayed the organization. However, according to Ton That Thien's research, he was a member of the inner circle of the Comintern, a protégé of [[Dmitry Manuilsky]] and a member in good standing of the Comintern throughout the [[Great Purge]].{{sfn|Tôn Thất Thiện|1990|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2021}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Bác Hồ Trên Đất Nước Lê-Nin|author=Hong Ha|publisher=Nhà Xuất Bản Thanh Niên|date=2010}}{{page needed|date=May 2021}}</ref> Hồ was removed from control of the Party he had founded. At that time, the Comintern emphasized [[class struggle]] more than finding common ground with non-communists to [[Anti-imperialism|oppose imperialism]].<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=98}} ICP leadership who replaced criticized Hồ for what they described as his [[Vietnamese nationalism|nationalist]] tendencies.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=11}}<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=98}} In 1937, Japanese aggression in China and the Nazis' policies prompted the Comintern to emphasize working with [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] groups among non-communists, and Hồ returned to the party's favor.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=98}} 

In 1938, Quốc (Hồ) returned to China and served as an advisor to the [[Chinese Communist]] armed forces.{{sfn|Quinn-Judge|2002|p=20}} He was also the senior Comintern agent in charge of Asian affairs.{{sfn|Tôn Thất Thiện|1990|p=39}} He served in the [[Eighth Route Army]] branch office in [[Guilin]].<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=98}} In 1939, he served under the command of Marshal [[Ye Jianying]].<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=98}} [[Battle of France|When France was defeated by Germany in 1940]], Hồ and his lieutenants, [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]] and [[Phạm Văn Đồng]], saw this as an opportunity to advance their own cause.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=Ho Chi Minh {{!}} Biography, Presidency, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ho-Chi-Minh |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In October 1940, Hồ and his supporters established the League for Vietnamese Independence ([[Việt Minh]]) in Guilin.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=98}}