Editing History of the United Kingdom (section)

===Warfare and finance===
[[File:Battle of Blenheim.jpg|thumb|[[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough]] accepts the French surrender at [[Battle of Blenheim|Blenheim]], 1704.]]

From 1700 to 1850, Britain was involved in 137 wars or rebellions. It maintained a relatively large and expensive [[Royal Navy]], along with a small standing army. When the need arose for soldiers it hired mercenaries or financed allies who fielded armies. The rising costs of warfare forced a shift in the sources of government financing, from the income from royal agricultural estates and special imposts and taxes to reliance on customs and excise taxes; and, after 1790, an income tax. Working with bankers in the city, the government raised large loans during wartime and paid them off in peacetime. The rise in taxes amounted to 20% of national income, but the private sector benefited from the increase in economic growth. The demand for war supplies stimulated the industrial sector, particularly naval supplies, munitions and textiles, which gave Britain an advantage in international trade during the postwar years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kozub |first=Robert M. |date=Fall 2003 |title=Evolution of Taxation in England, 1700–1850: A Period of War and Industrialization |journal=Journal of European Economic History |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=363–388}}; {{Cite book |last=Brewer |author-link=John Brewer (historian) |first=John |title=The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783 |date=1990}}; {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Paul |title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers |date=1989 |pages=80–84}}</ref>

The [[French Revolution]] polarised British political opinion in the 1790s, with conservatives outraged at the killing of the king, the expulsion of the nobles, and the [[Reign of Terror]]. Britain was at war against France almost continuously from 1793 until the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815. Conservatives castigated every radical opinion in Britain as "Jacobin" (in reference to the [[Jacobins|leaders of the Terror]]), warning that radicalism threatened an upheaval of British society. The Anti-Jacobin sentiment, well expressed by [[Edmund Burke]] and [[Anti-Jacobin|many popular writers]] was strongest among the landed gentry and the upper classes.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History |date=2006 |editor-last=Fremont-Barnes |editor-first=Gregory |volume=1 |pages=41–42}}</ref>