Editing History of Tuvalu (section)

==Colonial administration==
In 1886 Britain and Germany [[Anglo-German Declarations about the Western Pacific Ocean|agreed to divide up]] the western and central Pacific, with each claiming a 'sphere of influence'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_between_Great_Britain_and_Germany_relating_to_the_Demarcation_of_the_Spheres_of_Influence |title=Declaration between the Governments of Great Britain and the German Empire relating to the Demarcation of the British and German Spheres of Influence in the Western Pacific, signed at Berlin, April 6, 1886|year=1886 |access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="TAHNPT"/> In the previous decade German traders had become active in the [[Solomon Islands]], [[New Guinea]], [[Marshall Islands]] and the [[Caroline Islands]]. In 1877 the Governor of Fiji was given the additional title of High Commissioner for the Western Pacific. However, the claim of a 'sphere of influence' that included the Ellice Islands and the Gilbert Islands did not result in the immediate move to govern those islands.<ref name="TAHNPT"/> 

[[SMS Ariadne (1871)|''SMS Ariadne'']], a [[steam corvette]] of the German {{lang|de|[[Kaiserliche Marine]]}} (Imperial Navy), called at [[Funafuti]] and [[Vaitupu]] in 1878.<ref name="DM87">{{cite journal |author= Munro, Doug|url= https://lir.byuh.edu/index.php/pacific/article/view/2088 |title= The Lives and Times of Resident Traders in Tuvalu: An Exercise in History from Below |journal= Pacific Studies |volume=10 |year=1987 |issue= 2 |pages=73}}</ref> Captain Werner imposed trade and friendship treaties on the islanders giving Germany most-favored-nation treatment, and he intervened to assist the DHPG trader at Vaitupu, Harry Nitz, in a dispute over land.<ref name="DM87"/> In 1883 [[SMS Hyäne (1878)| ''SMS Hyäne'']], a [[gunboat]], called at Funafuti.<ref name="DM87"/>

Ships of the [[Royal Navy]] known to have visited the islands in the 19th century are: 
* {{HMS|Basilisk|1848|3}}, under Captain [[John Moresby]],<ref name="JM">{{cite web| last =  Beale | first = Howard |title= John Moresby (1830–1922) |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 5 |page=|year =2006|url= https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/moresby-john-4241 | accessdate=21 March 2024}}</ref> visited the islands in July 1872.<ref name="Newton 1967">{{cite book|author= W.F. Newton |title=The Early Population of the Ellice Islands| year= 1967 | publisher= The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 197–204}}</ref> 
* {{HMS|Emerald|1876|3}}, under Captain [[William Henry Maxwell (Royal Navy)| William Maxwell]], visited the islands in 1881.<ref name="Munro 1987">{{cite book| author= Doug Munro| title=The Lives and Times of Resident Traders in Tuvalu: An Exercise in History from Below| year= 1987 | publisher= 10(2) Pacific Studies 73 }}</ref>
* {{HMS|Miranda|1879|6}}, under Commander [[Sir William Acland, 2nd Baronet|Dyke Acland]],<ref name="YD">{{cite web| last =  S. Ablott|title= Schooner 'Young Dick'|publisher= Burton upon Stather Heritage Group|page=|date = 1 May 2014|url= https://burtonstatherheritage.org/shipping/76-young-dick| accessdate=19 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="WDA">{{cite news| last =| first = |title= Admiral Sir W. A. Dyke Acland (Obituaries)|publisher= The Times (Issue 43820)|page=14|date= 27 November 1924}}</ref> visited many of the islands in 1886.
* {{HMS|Royalist|1883|6}}, under Captain [[Edward H. M. Davis|Edward Davis]], visited each of the Ellice Islands in 1892 and reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited.<ref name="JRCD">{{cite book|first= |last= |title = The proceedings of H.M.S. "Royalist", Captain E.H.M. Davis, R.N., May-August, 1892, in the Gilbert, Ellice and Marshall Islands}}</ref> Captain Davis reported that the islanders wanted him to hoist the British flag on the islands, however Captain Davis did not have any orders regarding such a formal act.<ref name="JRJR">{{cite web|first= Jane|last= Resture|title = ''TUVALU HISTORY'' – 'The Davis Diaries' (''H.M.S. Royalist'', ''1892 visit to Ellice Islands under Captain Davis'')|url= http://www.janeresture.com/tuvalu_davis/index.htm|access-date=20 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830021646/http://www.janeresture.com/tuvalu_davis/index.htm |archive-date=30 August 2011}}</ref>
* {{HMS|Curacoa|1878|6}}, under Captain [[Herbert William Sumner Gibson|Herbert Gibson]], was sent to the Ellice Islands and between 9 and 16 October 1892. Captain Gibson visited each of the islands to make a formal declaration that the islands were to be a British [[protectorate]].<ref name="TAHNPT"/>
* {{HMS|Penguin|1876|6}}, under Captain [[Arthur Mostyn Field]], delivered the Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society to [[Funafuti]], arriving on 21 May 1896 and returned to [[Sydney]] on 22 August 1896.<ref name="CH-GA">{{cite journal |ref= Hedley |last1= Hedley |first1= Charles |title= General account of the Atoll of Funafuti |url= http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16686/487_complete.pdf |year= 1896 |journal= Australian Museum Memoir |volume= 3 |issue= 2 |pages= 1–72 |doi= 10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1896.487 |access-date= 28 September 2013 |archive-date= 15 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131015112253/http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16686/487_complete.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> The ''Penguin'' made further voyages to Funafuti to deliver the expeditions of the Royal Society in 1897 and 1898.<ref>[http://collections.rmg.co.uk/archive/objects/477429.html Admiral Sir Arthur Mostyn Field (1855–1950) from Royal Museums Greenwich]</ref> The surveys carried out by the ''Penguin'' resulted in the [[Admiralty chart|Admiralty Nautical Chart]] 2983 for the Ellice Islands.<ref name="ANC">{{cite book |title= Admiralty Nautical Chart 2983|publisher= United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO)}}</ref>
[[File:Tamala of Nukufetau.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Tamala of [[Nukufetau]] atoll, Ellice Islands (circa 1900–1910)]]
From 1892 to 1916 the Ellice Islands were administered as a British protectorate, as part of the [[British Western Pacific Territories]] (BWPT), by a [[Resident Commissioner]] based in the Gilbert Islands. The first Resident Commissioner was [[Charles Richard Swayne]], who collected the ordinances of each island of Tuvalu that had been established by the Samoan pastors of the [[London Missionary Society]]. These ordinances were the basis of the ''Native Laws of the Ellice Islands'' that were issued by Swayne in 1894.<ref name="TAHNPT"/> The Native Laws established and administrative structure for each island and well as prescribing criminal laws. The Native Laws also made it compulsory for children to attend school. On each island the High Chief (''Tupu'') was responsible for maintaining order; with a magistrate and policemen also responsible for maintaining order and enforcing the law. The High Chief was assisted by the councillors (''[[Falekaupule]]'').<ref name="TAHNPT"/> The ''Falekaupule'' on each of the [[Islands of Tuvalu]] is the traditional assembly of elders or ''te sina o fenua'' (literally: "grey-hairs of the land" in the [[Tuvaluan language]]).<ref name="Bennetts">{{cite book |author1=Peter Bennetts |author2=Tony Wheeler | title=Time & Tide: The Islands of Tuvalu | year= 2001 | isbn=1-86450-342-4 | publisher= Lonely Planet }}</ref> The ''Kaupule'' on each island is the executive arm of the ''Falekaupule''. The second Resident Commissioner was [[William Telfer Campbell]] (1895–1909),<ref name="AN">{{cite journal|last= |title = Modern buccaneers in the West Pacific |url= http://dl.lib.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814207532014.pdf |date= 5 June 1913 |journal= The New Age |pages=136–140 }}</ref> who established land registers that would assist in resolving disputes over title to land. [[Arthur William Mahaffy|Arthur Mahaffy]] was a District Officer in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate from 1895 to 1897.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.solomonencyclopaedia.net/biogs/E000776b.htm |title= Mahaffy, Arthur (1869 - 1919)|encyclopedia= Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia|year=2020 |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref> In 1909, Geoffrey B. W. Smith-Rewse was appointed as the District Officer to administer the Ellice Islands from [[Funafuti]] and remained in that position until 1915.

In 1916 the administration of the BWTP ended and the [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]] Colony was established, which existed from 1916 to 1974. In 1917 revised laws were issue, which abolished the office of High Chief and limited the number of members of the ''Kaupule'' on each island. Under the 1917 laws the ''Kaupule'' of each island could issue local regulations. Under the revised rules the magistrate was most important official and the senior person of the ''Kaupule'' was the deputy magistrate.<ref name="TAHES">{{cite book |first1=Enele |last1=Sapoaga |editor-first1=Hugh |editor-last1=Larcy|title=Tuvalu: A History|year= 1983 |publisher= University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu|pages=146–152|chapter= Chapter 19, Post-War Development }}</ref> The Colony continued to be administered by the Resident Commissioner, based in the Gilbert Islands, with a District Officer based on Funafuti.<ref name="TAHNPT"/>

In 1930 the Resident Commissioner, [[Arthur Grimble]], issued revised laws, ''Regulations for the good Order and Cleanliness of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands''. The Regulations removed the ability of the ''Kaupule'' to issue local regulations, and proscribed stringent rules of public and private behaviour. The attempts of the islanders to have the Regulations changed were ignored until [[Henry Evans Maude]], a government officer, sent a copy to a member of the English Parliament.<ref name="TAHNPT"/>

[[Donald Gilbert Kennedy]] arrived in 1923 and took charge of a newly established government school on Funafuti. The following year he transferred ''Elisefou'' school to [[Vaitupu]] as the food supply was better on that island. In 1932 Kennedy was appointed the District officer on Funafuti, which office he held until 1939. [[Vivian Fox-Strangways|Colonel Fox-Strangways]], was the Resident Commissioner of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony in 1941, who was located on Funafuti.<ref name="LNKFK2">{{cite book |last1=Lifuka |first1= Neli  |title= Logs in the current of the sea  |chapter=World War II in Tuvalu: NELI LEFUKA'S WAR YEARS IN FUNAFUTI |year= 1978 |publisher= Australian National University Press/Press of the Langdon Associates |isbn=0708103626 |chapter-url= http://307bg.net/memoirs/WWII_in_Tuvalu.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919022123/https://www.307bg.net/memoirs/WWII_in_Tuvalu.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2021}}</ref>

After World War II,<ref name="LNKFK2"/> Kennedy encouraged [[Neli Lifuka]] in the resettlement proposal that eventually resulted in the purchase of [[Kioa]] island in [[Fiji]].<ref name="TAHNPT"/><ref name="LNKFK2"/><ref name="TPL">{{cite book|last1= Goldsmith |first1= Michael |editor-first1= Brij V. |editor-first2= Vicki |editor-last1= Lal |editor-last2= Luker |title= Telling Pacific Lives: Prisms of Process|year=2008 |publisher= ANU E Press|location= London|chapter=Chapter 8, Telling Lives in Tuvalu |doi= 10.22459/TPL.06.2008 |doi-access= free |isbn= 978-1-921313-81-3 |chapter-url= http://press.anu.edu.au/tpl/mobile_devices/ch08.html }}</ref>