Editing History of Somalia (section)

==19th century==
{{Main|Sharmarke Ali Saleh|Khedivate's Somali Coast}}
[[File:Martello Tower-Berbera.png|thumb|19th century Martello fort in Berbera constructed by Haji Sharmarke Ali Saleh]]

In 1841, Haji [[Sharmarke Ali Saleh]], a successful and ambitious Somali merchant, successfully invaded [[Zeila]] utilizing canons and Somali Musketeers. He deposed and imprisoned the port town's Arab ruler and succeeded him as the undisputed ruler of Zeila and its dependencies. Sharmarke's governorship had an instant effect on the city, as he maneuvered to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible, with his sights set as far as [[Harar]] and the [[Ogaden]]. In 1845, Sharmarke deployed a few matchlock men to wrest control of neighboring [[Berbera]] from that town's then-feuding Somali authorities.<ref>Abir, Mordechai (1968). Ethiopia: the era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769–1855. Praeger. p. 18.</ref><ref>Richard Burton, ''First Footsteps in East Africa'', pp. 16–30.</ref><ref>Rayne Henry. ''Sun, sand and Somals; leaves from the note-book of a district commissioner in British Somaliland'', pp. 15–16.</ref>

Sharmarke's influence was not limited to the coast as he had many allies in the interior of the Somali country and even further in Abyssinia. Among his allies were the Sultans of [[Shewa]]. After the Amir of Harar [[Abu Bakr II ibn ʽAbd al-Munan]] arrested one of Sharmarke's agents in [[Harar]], there was tension between the two rulers. Sharmarke persuaded the son of [[Sahle Selassie]], ruler of [[Shewa]], to imprison on his behalf about 300 citizens of Harar then resident in Shewa, for a length of two years.<ref name=Burton-176>Burton, ''First Footsteps'', pp. 176 and note</ref>

Sultan [[Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim]], the third Sultan of the [[Sultanate of the Geledi|House of Gobroon]], began the Golden age of the Gobroon dynasty. In 1843, his army came out victorious during the [[Bardera|Bardheere]] ''[[jihad]]'', which restored stability in the region and revitalized the East African [[ivory trade]]. He also received presents and had cordial relations with the leaders of neighbouring and distant kingdoms such as the [[Oman]]i, [[Wituland]] and [[Yemen]]i sultans.

Sultan Ibrahim's son [[Ahmed Yusuf (Gobroon)|Ahmed Yusuf]] succeeded him and was one of the most important figures in 19th-century East Africa. He managed to gather 20 thousand Somali troops, invaded and captured the island of [[Zanzibar]], defeating the enemy troops and freeing the [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] slaves. Through his military dominance, Sultan Yusuf managed to exact [[tribute]] from the Omani king in the coastal town of [[Lamu]].<ref>Sudan Notes and Records – Page 147</ref>{{Unreliable source?|certain=y|date=September 2022}}

In northern and southern Somalia, the Gerad Dynasty conducted trade with Yemen and Persia and competed with the merchants of the Bari Dynasty. The Gerads and the Bari Sultans built impressive palaces, castles and fortresses and had close relations with many different empires in the Near East.
[[File:XaajiSuudicropped2.png|thumb|Dervish commander [[Haji Sudi]] on the left with his brother in-law Duale Idres. Aden, 1892.]]
[[File:Sayyid_Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan.jpeg|thumb|[[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]], leader of the [[Dervish movement (Somali)|Dervish movement]].]]
In the late 19th century, after the [[Berlin Conference (1884)|Berlin Conference]], European powers began the [[Scramble for Africa]], which inspired the [[Dervish]] leaders in the north like [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]] and [[Nur Ahmed Aman|Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman]] to rally support from across the Horn of Africa, but also [[Sheikh Abikar Gafle]] to start a resistance around Merca called the [[Banadir Resistance]]. Both the [[Banadir Resistance]] and Dervish Movement sparked the beginning one of the longest anti-colonial struggles on the continent.

[[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]]'s [[Dervish movement (Somali)|Dervish movement]] spread into Somalia and successfully repulsed the [[British Empire]] four times, forcing them to retreat to the coastal region,<ref>Kevin Shillington, ''Encyclopedia of African history''&#x200E;, (CRC Press: 2005), p. 1406.</ref> but the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 by British airpower.<ref>{{cite book|last=Samatar|first=Said Sheikh|url=https://archive.org/details/oralpoetrysomali00sama|title=Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-521-23833-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oralpoetrysomali00sama/page/n144 131], 135|url-access=limited}}</ref>

=== Banadir Resistance ===
In the 1890s, the Italian occupation of Marka sparked the beginning and outrage among the [[Bimaal|Bimal]] clan, many of them joined the [[Bimaal|Bimal]] resistance against Italy. An Italian resident of the city, Giacomo Trevis, was assassinated in 1904. In response Italy occupied the port town of Jazira about 30 miles south of [[Mogadishu]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kusow|first=Abdi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03QwAQAAIAAJ&q=putting+the+cart|title=Putting the cart before the horse: contested nationalism and the crisis of the nation-state in Somalia|date=2004|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569022023|language=en}}</ref> In response Bimal leaders called for a grand conference mobilizing the Banadiri clans, thus it came to eventually be known as the [[Banadir Resistance]]. The resistance was spearheaded by Sheikh Abdi Gafle and Ma’alin Mursal Abdi Yusuf; two prominent local Islamic teachers in Marka from the Bimal clan. The resistance, albeit clan-based initially transformed into one with a religious fervour, mainly Bimal, (but also later on some of the Wa’dan,  Hintire and other clans of the Geledi confederation joined).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ciisa-Salwe|first=Cabdisalaam M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONotAQAAIAAJ|title=The collapse of the Somali state: the impact of the colonial legacy|date=1996-01-01|publisher=HAAN|isbn=9781874209270|pages=19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kusow|first=Abdi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03QwAQAAIAAJ&q=1886%E2%80%931925.|title=Putting the cart before the horse: contested nationalism and the crisis of the nation-state in Somalia|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569022023|pages=82|language=en}}</ref>

=== Dervish Movement ===
News of the incident that sparked the Dervish rebellion and the 21 years disturbance according to the consul-general [[James Hayes Sadler (colonial administrator)|James Hayes Sadler]] was spread by Sultan Nur of the [[Habr Yunis]]. The incident in question was that of a group of Somali children that were converted to Christianity and adopted by the French [[Catholic missions|Catholic Mission]] at [[Berbera]] in 1899. Whether Sultan Nur experienced the incident first hand or whether he was told of it is not clear but what is known is that he propagated the incident in the [[Tariqa]] at Kob Fardod in June 1899, precipitating the religious rebellion that later morphed into the Somali Dervish.<ref>F.O.78/5031, Sayyid Mohamad to the Aidagalla, Enclosed Sadler To Salisbury. 69, 20 August 1899.</ref> In one of his letters to [[Deria Hassan|Sultan Deria]] in 1899, Hassan said that the British "''have destroyed our religion and made our children their children''" alluding to Sultan Nur's incident with the Roman French Mission at Berbera. The Dervish soon emerged as an opposition of the Christian activities, defending their version of Islam against the Christian mission.<ref name="Fageoliver2">{{cite book|editor1=J. D. Fage |editor2=A. D. Roberts |editor3=Roland Anthony Oliver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0zZKCpGmfkC|title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 7|date=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521225051|page=196}}</ref> In several of his poems and speeches, Hassan insisted that the British and the Christian [[People of Ethiopia|Ethiopians]] in league with the British were bent upon plundering the political and religious freedom of the Somali nation. He soon emerged as "a champion of his country's political and religious freedom, defending it against all Christian invaders." Hassan issued a religious ordinance that any Somali national who did not accept the goal of unity of Somalia and would not fight under his leadership would be considered as ''[[kafir]]'' or ''gaal''. He soon acquired weapons from the Ottoman Empire, Sudan, and other sympathetic Muslim countries, and appointed ministers and advisers to administer different areas or sectors of Somalia. In addition, Hassan gave a clarion call for Somali unity and independence, in the process organizing his follower-warriors. His Dervish movement had an essentially military character, and the [[Dervish movement (Somali)|Dervish movement]] was fashioned on the model of a Salihiya brotherhood. It was characterized by a rigid hierarchy and centralization. Hassan threatened to drive the Christians into the sea; he committed the first attack by launching his first major military offensive with his 1,500 Dervish equipped with 20 modern rifles on the British soldiers stationed in the region.

He repulsed the British in four expeditions and had favorable diplomatic relations with the [[Central Powers]] of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[German Empire]]s.