Editing History of Pittsburgh (section)

===Technology===
In 1859, the Clinton and Soho iron furnaces introduced [[Coke (fuel)|coke]]-fire [[smelting]] to the region. The [[American Civil War]] boosted the city's economy with increased production of iron and armaments, especially at the [[Allegheny Arsenal]] and the [[Fort Pitt Foundry]].<ref name="Boucher"/> Arms manufacture included iron-clad warships and the world's first 21" gun.<ref>{{cite book |title=Allegheny County's Hundred Years |last=Thurston |first=George H |publisher=A. A. Anderson Son, Pittsburgh |year=1888}}</ref> By war's end, over one-half of the steel and more than one-third of all U.S. glass was produced in Pittsburgh. A milestone in steel production was achieved in 1875, when the [[Edgar Thomson Works]] in [[Braddock, Pennsylvania|Braddock]] began to make steel rail using the new [[Bessemer process]].<ref name="Galloway">{{cite book |title=History of Pittsburgh |first1=Miriam |last1=Meislik |first2=Ed |last2=Galloway |publisher=Society of American Archivists, Pittsburgh |year=1999}}</ref>

Industrialists such as [[Andrew Carnegie]], [[Henry Clay Frick]], [[Charles M. Schwab]], and [[George Westinghouse]] built their fortunes in Pittsburgh.  [[George Westinghouse]]'s  advancements included the [[Air brake (rail)|air brake]] and was the founder of over 60 companies, including Westinghouse Air and Brake Company (1869), [[Union Switch & Signal]] (1881), and [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] (1886).<ref name="westinghouse">{{cite web |url=http://www.westinghouse.com/timeline.html |title=Westinghouse, Our Past |publisher=Westinghouse |year=2007 |access-date=March 22, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509071422/http://www.westinghouse.com/timeline.html |archive-date=May 9, 2004 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|Huber|2022}} Banks played a key role in Pittsburgh's development as these industrialists sought massive loans to upgrade plants, integrate industries and fund technological advances. Pittsburgh bankers including [[Andrew W. Mellon]], with [[Mellon Financial Corporation|T. Mellon & Sons Bank]] founded in 1869, helped to finance an aluminum reduction company that became [[Alcoa]].<ref name="Galloway"/>

Ingham (1991) shows how small, independent iron and steel manufacturers survived and prospered from the 1870s through the 1950s, despite competition from much larger, standardized production firms. These smaller firms were built on a culture that valued local markets and the beneficial role of business in the local community. Small firms concentrated on specialized products, particularly structural steel, where the economies of scale of larger firms were no advantage. They embraced technological change more cautiously than larger firms. They also had less antagonistic relations with workers and employed a higher percentage of highly skilled workers than their mass-production counterparts.<ref>John N. Ingham, "Iron and Steel in the Pittsburgh Region: The Domain of Small Business," ''Business and Economic History'' 1991 20: 107–116</ref>