Editing History of Peru (section)

===Wars of independence (1811–1824)===
[[Image:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|thumb|right|José de San Martín's proclamation of the independence of Peru on July 28, 1821, in [[Lima]], [[Peru]]. [[Proclamación de la Independencia del Perú|Painting]] by [[Juan Lepiani]]]]
{{main|Peruvian War of Independence|Protectorate of Peru}}

Peru's movement toward independence was launched by an uprising of Spanish-American landowners and their forces, led by [[José de San Martín]] of [[Argentina]] and [[Simón Bolívar]] of [[Venezuela]]. San Martín, who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the [[Battle of Chacabuco]], and who had disembarked in [[Paracas Peninsula|Paracas]] in 1819, led the military campaign of 4,200 soldiers. The expedition, which included warships, was organized and financed by Chile which sailed from [[Valparaíso]] in August 1820.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Simon Collier|author2=William F. Sater|title=A History of Chile, 1808–1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFyfZNKxBPoC&pg=PA39|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56827-2|page=39}}</ref> San Martin proclaimed the independence of Peru in [[Lima (Department of Peru)|Lima]] on 28 July 1821, with the words "... From this moment on, Peru is free and independent, by the general will of the people and the justice of its cause that God defends. Long live the homeland! Long live freedom! Long live our independence!". San Martín received the title of "Protector of Peruvian Freedom" in August 1821 after partially liberating Peru from the Spanish.<ref name="Arana">Arana, M., 2013, ''Bolivar'', New York: Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|978-1-4391-1019-5}}</ref>{{rp|295}}

On 26 and 27 July 1822, Bolívar held the [[Guayaquil Conference]] with San Martín and attempted to decide the political fate of Peru. San Martín opted for a constitutional monarchy, whilst Bolivar (Head of the Northern Expedition) favored a republic. Nonetheless, they both followed the notion that it was to be independent of Spain. Following the interview, San Martin abandoned Peru on 22 September 1822 and left the whole command of the independence movement to Simon Bolivar. 
[[File:Batalla de Junín.jpg|thumb|Battle of Junín, 6 August 1824]]

The Peruvian congress named Bolivar dictator of Peru on 10 February 1824, which allowed him to reorganize the political and military administration completely. Assisted by general [[Antonio José de Sucre]], Bolívar decisively defeated the Spanish [[cavalry]] at the [[Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824. Sucre destroyed the still numerically superior remnants of the Spanish forces at [[Battle of Ayacucho|Ayacucho]] on 9 December 1824. The war would not end until the last royalist holdouts surrendered the [[Real Felipe Fortress]] in 1826.

The victory brought about political independence, but there remained indigenous and [[mestizo]] supporters of the monarchy and in [[Huanta Province]], they rebelled in 1825–28, which is known as ''the war of the punas'' or the [[Iquicha War of 1825–1828|Huanta Rebellion]].<ref>Ceclia Méndez, ''The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820–1850''. Durham: Duke University Press 2005.</ref><ref>Patrick Husson, ''De la Guerra a la Rebelión (Huanta Siglo XIX). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de las Casas 1992.''</ref>

Spain made futile attempts to regain its former colonies, such as the [[Battle of Callao]] (1866), and only in 1879 finally recognized Peruvian independence.