Editing History of Korea (section)

=== Chinese commanderies ===
In 108 BC, the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] defeated [[Wiman Joseon]] and installed [[Four Commanderies of Han|four commanderies]] in the northern Korean peninsula.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chandra |first1=Vipan |last2=Eckert |first2=Carter J. |last3=Lee |first3=Ki-baik |last4=Lew |first4=Young Ick |last5=Robinson |first5=Michael |last6=Wagner |first6=Edward W. |date=1993 |title=Korea Old and New: A History. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759388 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=284 |doi=10.2307/2759388 |jstor=2759388 |issn=0030-851X}}</ref> Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the [[Lelang Commandery]] remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries, until it was conquered by [[Goguryeo]] in 313 AD.

[[File:Hangunhyeon.PNG|left|thumb| The [[Four Commanderies of Han]], established in the former territory of [[Gojoseon]] after the fall of Wiman Joseon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html |title=Early Korea |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625032709/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html |archive-date=2015-06-25 }}</ref> The location of the commanderies has become a controversial topic in Korea in recent years.<ref>
*{{Cite book|date=2015-12-24 |script-title=ko:매국사학의 몸통들아, 공개토론장으로 나와라! |publisher=[[ngonews]] |url=http://www.ngo-news.co.kr/sub_read.html?uid=82015 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919142317/http://www.ngo-news.co.kr/sub_read.html?uid=82015 }}
*{{Cite book|date=2016-08-21 |script-title=ko:요서 vs 평양… 한무제가 세운 낙랑군 위치 놓고 열띤 토론 |publisher=[[Segye Ilbo]] |url=http://www.segye.com/content/html/2016/08/21/20160821001406.html |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170413160938/http://www.segye.com/content/html/2016/08/21/20160821001406.html |archive-date=2017-04-13 }}
*{{Cite book|date=2016-08-22 |script-title=ko:"갈석산 동쪽 요서도 고조선 땅" vs "고고학 증거와 불일치" |publisher=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]] |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=020&aid=0002997608 |access-date=2017-04-14 }}</ref> However, the location of the commanderies is not controversial outside of Korea.<ref group=note>
*{{cite book|last=United States Congress |title=North Korea: A Country Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmFuqReAqUC&pg=PA6 |year=2016 |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-59033-443-0 |page=6 }}
:"Han Chinese built four commanderies, or local military units, to rule the peninsula as far south as the Han River, with a core area at Lolang (Nangnang in Korean), near present-day P'yongyang. It is illustrative of the relentlessly different historiography practiced in North Korea and South Korea, as well as both countries' dubious projection backward of Korean nationalism, that North Korean historians denied that the Lolang district was centered in Korea and placed it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing."
*{{cite book|last=Connor|first=Edgar V.|title=Korea: Current Issues and Historical Background|year=2003|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-443-0|page=112}}
:"They place it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing, in order to de-emphasize China's influence on ancient Korean history."
*{{harvnb|Kim, Jinwung|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA18 18]}}
:"Immediately after destroying Wiman Chosŏn, the Han empire established administrative units to rule large territories in the northern Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria."
*{{cite book|last=Hyung |first=Hyung Il |title=Constructing "Korean" Origins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA129 |year=2000 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00244-9 |page=129 }}
:"When material evidence from the Han commandery site excavated during the colonial period began to be reinterpreted by Korean nationalist historians as the first full-fledged "foreign" occupation in Korean history, Lelang's location in the heart of the Korean peninsula became particularly irksome because the finds seemed to verify Japanese colonial theories concerning the dependency of Korean civilization on China."
*{{cite book|last=Hyung |first=Hyung Il |title=Constructing "Korean" Origins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA128 |year=2000 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00244-9 |page=128 }}
:"At present, the site of Lelang and surrounding ancient Han Chinese remains are situated in the North Korean capital of Pyongyang. Although North Korean scholars have continued to excavate Han dynasty tombs in the postwar period, they have interpreted them as manifestations of the Kochoson or the Koguryo kingdom."
*{{cite book|last=Xu |first=Stella Yingzi |title=That glorious ancient history of our nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFYVwaS8N58C&pg=PA223 |year=2007 |publisher=University of California, Los Angeles |isbn=978-0-549-44036-9 |page=223 }}
:"Lelang Commandery was crucial to understanding the early history of Korea, which lasted from 108 BCE to 313 CE around the Pyongyang area. However, because of its nature as a Han colony and the exceptional attention paid to it by Japanese colonial scholars for making claims of the innate heteronomy of Koreans, post 1945 Korean scholars intentionally avoided the issue of Lelang."
*{{cite book|last=Lee |first=Peter H. |title=Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume 2: From the Seventeenth Century to the Modern |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N66XyMJ_sNsC&pg=PA227 |year=1996 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-07912-9 |page=227}}
:"But when Emperor Wu conquered Choson, all the small barbarian tribes in the northeastern region were incorporated into the established Han commanderies because of the overwhelming military might of Han China."
</ref>]]