Editing History of Guam (section)

=== Spanish colonization ===
{{Further|Spanish-Chamorro Wars}}
{{Further|List of governors of the Spanish Mariana Islands}}
[[File:Marianeninseln.png|thumb|left|1845 depiction of a group of Chamorus fishing for a village]]
Despite Magellan's visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until 1565 by [[Miguel Lopez de Legazpi]]. However, the island was not actually colonized until the 17th century.<ref name="Voyages">http://www.alvoyages.com/articles/south-pacific/guam.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707023905/http://www.alvoyages.com/articles/south-pacific/guam.html |date=2009-07-07 }}, Turbulent History of Guam.</ref>

On June 15, 1668, the [[galleon]] ''San Diego'' arrived at the island of Guam.<ref name="History of Guam Book">Lawrence J Cunningha, Janice J. Beaty. ''History of Guam''.</ref> [[Jesuit]] missionaries led by [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]] arrived on Guam to introduce [[Christianity]] and develop trade. The Spanish taught the Chamorus to cultivate [[maize]] (corn), raise cattle, and tan hides, as well as to adopt western-style clothing. They also introduced the Spanish language and culture. Once Christianity was established, the Catholic Church became the focal point for village activities, as in other Spanish cities. Since 1565, Guam had been a regular port-of-call for the Spanish galleons that crossed the Pacific Ocean from [[Mexico]] to the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Guam Online">[https://guam-online.com/history/ Brief History of Guam]. Guam Online</ref>

[[Chief Quipuha]] was the maga'lahi, or high ranking male, in the area of Hagåtña when the Spanish landed there in 1668. Quipuha welcomed the missionaries and consented to be baptized by Fr. San Vitores as Juan Quipuha. Quipuha granted the lands on which the first Catholic Church in Guam was constructed in 1669. Chief Quipuha died in 1669 but his policy of allowing the Spanish to establish a base on Guam had important consequences for the future of the island. It also facilitated the Manila [[Galleon trade]].

A few years later, Fr. San Vitores and his assistant, [[Pedro Calungsod]], were killed by Chief [[Matapang|Mata'pang]] of Tomhom ([[Tumon]]), allegedly for baptizing the Chief's baby girl without the Chief's consent. This was in April 1672. Many Chamorus at the time believed baptisms killed babies: because priests would baptize infants already near death (in the belief that this was the only way to save such children's souls), baptism seemed to many Chamorus to be the cause of death.{{r|Rodgers}}{{rp|49}} The death of Quipuha, and the murder of San Vitores and Calungsod, led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to conquer the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.<ref name="Carano">{{cite book |last1=Carano |first1=Paul |last2=Sanchez|first2=Pedro C. |year=1964 |title=A Complete History of Guam |location=Tokyo |publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company |oclc=414965}}</ref>{{rp|68–74}} The [[Spanish-Chamorro Wars]] on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the Jesuit mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683.  After his arrival in 1674, Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns. Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo, Pepura, Tumon, Sidia-Aty, Sagua, Nagan, and Ninca.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|74–75}} Starting in June 1676, the first Spanish Governor of Guam, Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar, controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions. He also ordered the construction of schools, roads, and other infrastructure.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|75–76}} In 1680, Captain Jose de Quiroga arrived and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors. He also continued the search for the rebels who had killed Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to the deaths.  of Matapang, Hurao, and Aguarin.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|77–78}} Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the population to live in a few large villages.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|78–79}} These included Jinapsan, Umatac, Pago, Agat, and Inarajan, where he built a number of churches.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|79}} By July 1695, Quiroga had completed the conquest of Guam, Rota, Tinian, and Aguigan.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|85}} Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the [[smallpox]] epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000, finally to less than 5,000.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp|86}}

[[File:Atlas pittoresque pl 104 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Umatac, Guam|Umatac]] in 1846]]
During the course of the Spanish administration of Guam, lower birth rates and diseases reduced the population from 12,000{{r|Rodgers}}{{rp|47}} to roughly 5,000 by 1741.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) and Guam {{!}} Pacific Islands Benthic Habitat Mapping Center |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/cms/data-by-location/cnmi-guam/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.soest.hawaii.edu}}</ref> After 1695, Chamorus settled in five villages: [[Hagåtña]], [[Agat, Guam|Agat]], [[Umatac]], [[Chalan Pago-Ordot, Guam|Pago]], and Fena. During this historical period, Spanish language and customs were introduced in the island and [[Catholicism]] became the predominant religion. The Spanish built infrastructures such as roads and ports, as well as schools and hospitals. Spanish and Filipinos, mostly men, increasingly intermarried with the Chamorus, particularly the new cultured or "high" people (''manak'kilo'') or gentry of the towns. In 1740, Chamorus of the Northern Mariana Islands, except [[Rota (island)|Rota]], were moved from some of their home islands to Guam.