Editing History of Germany (section)

===Roman settlement of the Rhine===
{{Further|Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)|Crossing of the Rhine}}
{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image1 = Germanic limes.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = The ''[[Limes Germanicus]]'' border of the [[Roman Empire]] and modern boundaries| image2 = Germania inferior roads towns.png| width2 = 150 | caption2  = Map of [[Germania Inferior]] – settlements and forts accessible via the navigable rivers, as the hinterland escapes Roman control}}
[[File:Trier Porta Nigra BW 2.JPG|thumb|The [[Porta Nigra]] in [[Trier]], capital of the [[Roman province]] of [[Gallia Belgica]], constructed in 170 AD]]
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| image1            = Roman Trier model 1.jpg
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| caption1          = Modern miniature model of [[History of Trier|Augusta Treverorum]] ([[Trier]]) in the 4th century CE
| image2            = Wall painting with Dionysian scenes from a luxurious Roman villa excavated to the south of the cathedral, Romisch-Germanisches Museum, Cologne (8119154487).jpg
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| caption2          = Fresco with [[Dionysian mysteries|Dionysian scenes]] from [[Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium|Colonia]] ([[Cologne]]), 3rd century CE
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[[Augustus]], first [[Roman emperor]], considered conquest beyond the [[Rhine]] and the [[Danube]] not only regular foreign policy but also necessary to counter Germanic incursions into a still rebellious Gaul. Forts and commercial centers were established along the rivers. Some tribes, such as the [[Ubii]] consequently allied with Rome and readily adopted advanced Roman culture. During the 1st century CE Roman legions conducted extended campaigns into [[Germania|Germania magna]], the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine, attempting to subdue the various tribes. Roman ideas of administration, the imposition of taxes and a legal framework were frustrated by the total absence of an infrastructure. [[Germanicus]]'s [[Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)|campaigns]], for example, were almost exclusively characterized by frequent massacres of villagers and indiscriminate pillaging. The tribes, however maintained their elusive identities. A coalition of tribes under the [[Cherusci]] chieftain [[Arminius]], who was familiar with Roman tactical doctrines, defeated a large Roman force in the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]. Consequently, Rome resolved to permanently establish the Rhine/Danube border and refrain from further territorial advance into Germania.{{Sfn|Bordewich|2005}}{{Sfn|Ozment|2004|pp=2–21}} By AD 100 the frontier along the Rhine and the Danube and the [[Limes Germanicus]] was firmly established. Several Germanic tribes lived under Roman rule south and west of the border, as described in [[Tacitus]]'s ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]''. Austria formed the regular provinces of [[Noricum]] and [[Raetia]].{{Sfn|Fichtner|2009|p=xlviii}}<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1917 |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hg7AQAAMAAJ |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay |volume=10 |page=647}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ramirez-Faria|2007|p=267}} The provinces [[Germania Inferior]] (with the capital situated at [[Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium]], modern [[Cologne]]) and [[Germania Superior]] (with its capital at [[Roman Mogontiacum|Mogontiacum]], modern [[Mainz]]), were formally established in 85 AD, after long campaigns as lasting military control was confined to the lands surrounding the rivers.{{Sfn|Rüger|2004|pp=527–528}} [[Christianity in Germany|Christianity was introduced]] to Roman controlled western Germania before the Middle Ages, with Christian religious structures such as the [[Aula Palatina]] of [[Trier]] built during the reign of [[Constantine I]] ({{R.|306|337}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history-art/hsar-252/lecture-23 |title=Lecture 23 – Rome of Constantine and a New Rome: Overview |series=[[Open Yale Courses]] |publisher=Yale University |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>