Editing Herod the Great (section)

=== Dating ===
{{Anchor|Year of death: either 5, 4 or 1 BCE, or 1 CE}}Most scholarship concerning the date of Herod's death follows [[Emil Schürer]]'s calculations, which suggest that the date was in or around 4&nbsp;BCE; this is three years earlier than the previous consensus and tradition (1&nbsp;BCE).<ref>[[Schürer, Emil]]. ''A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ'', Vol. I, Herod the Great pp. 400–467, New York, Scribner's, 1896. [https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp01sch/]</ref><ref name="Marshall2012" />{{sfn|Steinmann|2011|pp=219–256}}<ref>Barnes, Timothy David. "The Date of Herod's Death," ''Journal of Theological Studies'' ns 19 (1968), 204–219</ref><ref>Bernegger, P. M. "Affirmation of Herod's Death in 4 B.C.", ''Journal of Theological Studies'' ns 34 (1983), 526–531.</ref><ref>Knoblet, Jerry. ''Herod the Great'' (University Press of America, 2005), p. 179.</ref>
Two of Herod's sons, Archelaus and Philip the Tetrarch, dated their rule from 4&nbsp;BCE,{{sfn|''The Jewish War''|loc=1.631–632}} though Archelaus apparently held royal authority during Herod's lifetime.{{sfn|''The Jewish War''|loc=2.26}} Philip's reign would last for 37 years, until his death in the 20th year of [[Tiberius]] (34&nbsp;CE), which implies his accession as 4&nbsp;BCE.<ref>[[Harold Hoehner|Hoehner, Harold]]. ''Herod Antipas'', (Zondervan, 1980) p. 251.</ref>

Some scholars support the traditional date of 1&nbsp;BCE for Herod's death.<ref>Edwards, Ormond. "Herodian Chronology", ''[[Palestine Exploration Quarterly]]'' 114 (1982) 29–42</ref><ref>Keresztes, Paul. ''Imperial Rome and the Christians: From Herod the Great to About 200 AD'' (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1989), pp. 1–43.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=1989 |editor-last=Vardaman |editor-first=Jerry |editor2-last=Yamauchi |editor2-first=Edwin M. |title=The Nativity and Herod's Death |journal=Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan |location=Winona Lake, IN |publisher=Eisenbrauns |pages=85–92}}</ref><ref>Finegan, Jack. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/not/2009/00000051/00000001/art00001 ''Handbook of Biblical Chronology''], Rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998) 300, §&nbsp;516.</ref>

Filmer, for example, proposes that Herod died in 1&nbsp;BCE, and that his heirs backdated their reigns to 4&nbsp;or 3&nbsp;BCE to assert an overlapping with Herod's rule, and bolster their own legitimacy.<ref name="Filmer1966">Filmer, W. E. "Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great", ''[[Journal of Theological Studies]]'' ns 17 (1966), 283–298.</ref><ref name="Marshall2012">Marshall, Taylor. ''The Eternal City'' (Dallas: St. John, 2012), pp. 35–65.</ref> Based on the coins of Herod's sons Steinmann and Young argue that Herod's sons antedated their reigns to 6&nbsp;BCE before Herod's death so that their reigns cannot be used to argue for a 4&nbsp;BCE date for Herod's death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Steinmann |first1=Andrew E. |last2=Young |first2=Rodger C. |year=2021 |title=The Case for Antedating in the Reigns of Herod's Sons |journal=Bibliotheca Sacra |volume=178 |pages=436–455}}</ref>

In Josephus' account, Herod's death was preceded by first a Jewish fast day (10 Tevet&nbsp;3761/Sun 24 Dec 1&nbsp;BCE), a [[lunar eclipse]] and followed by [[Passover]] (27 March 1&nbsp;CE).{{sfn|''Antiquities of the Jews''|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+17.6.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146 17.6.4]}} Objections to the 4&nbsp;BCE date include the assertion that there was not nearly enough time between the eclipse on March&nbsp;13 and Passover on April&nbsp;10 for the recorded events surrounding Herod's death to have taken place.<ref name="Filmer1966" /><ref>Steinmann, Andrew. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brilleclipses /not/2009/00000051/00000001/art00001 "When Did Herod the Great Reign?"]{{dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Novum Testamentum'', Volume 51, Number 1, 2009, pp. 1–29.</ref><ref name="Marshall2012" />
In 66&nbsp;CE, Eleazar ben Hanania compiled the [[Megillat Taanit]], which contains two unattributed entries for cause of festivity: 7 Kislev and 2 Shevat. A later Scholion (commentary) on the Megillat Taanit attributes the 7 Kislev festivity to king Herod the Great's death (no year is mentioned).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190715202448/http://www.verednoam.com/articles/Noam%20MegillatTaanit.pdf Megillat Taanit – The Scroll of Fasting] by [[Vered Noam]]</ref> Some scholars ignore the Scholion and attribute the 2 Shevat date instead to Herod's death.