Editing Heraldry (section)

===Elements of an achievement===
{{COA elements}}
A heraldic achievement consists of a [[escutcheon (heraldry)|shield of arms]], the coat of arms, or simply coat, together with all of its accompanying elements, such as a [[crest (heraldry)|crest]], [[supporter]]s, and other heraldic embellishments.  The term "[[coat of arms]]" technically refers to the shield of arms itself, but the phrase is commonly used to refer to the entire achievement.  The one indispensable element of a coat of arms is the shield; many ancient coats of arms consist of nothing else, but no achievement or armorial bearings exists without a coat of arms.<ref name="CGH 57–59">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=57–59}}</ref>

From a very early date, illustrations of arms were frequently embellished with [[helmet (heraldry)|helmets]] placed above the shields.  These in turn came to be decorated with fan-shaped or sculptural crests, often incorporating elements from the shield of arms; as well as a wreath or [[torse]], or sometimes a [[coronet]], from which depended the lambrequin or [[mantling]].  To these elements, modern heraldry often adds a [[motto]] displayed on a ribbon, typically below the shield.  The helmet is borne of right, and forms no part of a grant of arms; it may be assumed without authority by anyone entitled to bear arms, together with mantling and whatever motto the armiger may desire.  The crest, however, together with the torse or coronet from which it arises, must be granted or confirmed by the relevant heraldic authority.<ref name="CGH 57–59"/>

If the bearer is entitled to the ribbon, collar, or badge of a knightly order, it may encircle or depend from the shield.  Some arms, particularly those of the nobility, are further embellished with supporters, heraldic figures standing alongside or behind the shield; often these stand on a [[compartment (heraldry)|compartment]], typically a mound of earth and grass, on which other [[heraldic badge|badges]], symbols, or [[heraldic flag|heraldic banners]] may be displayed.  The most elaborate achievements sometimes display the entire coat of arms beneath a pavilion, an embellished tent or canopy of the type associated with the medieval tournament,<ref name="CGH 57–59"/> though this is only very rarely found in English or Scots achievements.

====Shield====
{{main|Escutcheon (heraldry)}}
The primary element of a heraldic achievement is the shield, or escutcheon, upon which the coat of arms is depicted.{{efn-lr|The term "coat of arms" is sometimes used to refer to the entire achievement, of which the shield is the central part.}}  All of the other elements of an achievement are designed to decorate and complement these arms, but only the shield of arms is required.<ref name="CGH 57–61">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=57, 60–61}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Boutell|1890|p=6}}</ref><ref>William Whitmore, ''The Elements of Heraldry'', Weathervane Books, New York (1968), p. 9.</ref>  The shape of the shield, like many other details, is normally left to the discretion of the heraldic artist,{{efn-lr|There are exceptions to this rule, in which the shape of the escutcheon is specified in the blazon; for example, the [[coat of arms of Nunavut|arms of Nunavut]],<ref>{{cite web |website=Government of Nunavut |title=About the Flag and Coat of Arms |access-date=October 19, 2006 |url=http://www.gov.nu.ca/Nunavut/English/about/symbols.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427062906/http://www.gov.nu.ca/Nunavut/English/about/symbols.shtml |archive-date=2006-04-27 }}</ref> and the former [[Bophuthatswana|Republic of Bophuthatswana]];<ref>Hartemink R. 1996. South African Civic Heraldry-Bophuthatswana. Ralf Hartemink, The Netherlands. Accessed October 19, 2006. Available at [http://www.ngw.nl/int/zaf/prov/bophutsw.htm NGW.nl]</ref> in the United States, the [[coat of arms of North Dakota|arms of North Dakota]] use an escutcheon in the shape of a stone arrowhead,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usheraldicregistry.com/pmwiki.php?n=Registrations.20060825L |title=US Heraldic Registry |publisher=US Heraldic Registry |access-date=2012-06-19}}</ref> while the arms of [[Connecticut]] require a [[rococo]] shield;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=State.Connecticut |title=American Heraldry Society - Arms of Connecticut |publisher=Americanheraldry.org |access-date=2012-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722165125/http://www.americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=State.Connecticut |archive-date=2012-07-22 }}</ref> the Scottish Public Register specifies an oval escutcheon for the Lanarkshire Master Plumbers' and Domestic Engineers' Association, and a square shield for the Anglo Leasing organisation.}} and many different shapes have prevailed during different periods of heraldic design, and in different parts of Europe.<ref name="CGH 57–61"/><ref>{{harvp|Boutell|1890|pp=6–7}}</ref><ref name="Woodward 54–58">{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|pp=54–58}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Neubecker|1976|pp= 72–77}}</ref>

One shape alone is normally reserved for a specific purpose: the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)#Lozenge|lozenge]], a diamond-shaped escutcheon, was traditionally used to display the arms of women, on the grounds that shields, as implements of war, were inappropriate for this purpose.<ref name="CGH 57–61"/><ref>{{harvp|Boutell|1890|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Slater|2003|p=56}}</ref>  This distinction was not always strictly adhered to, and a general exception was usually made for sovereigns, whose arms represented an entire nation.  Sometimes an oval shield, or cartouche, was substituted for the lozenge; this shape was also widely used for the arms of clerics in French, Spanish, and Italian heraldry, although it was never reserved for their use.<ref name="CGH 57–61"/><ref name="Woodward 54–58"/>  In recent years, the use of the cartouche for women's arms has become general in Scottish heraldry, while both Scottish and Irish authorities have permitted a traditional shield under certain circumstances, and in Canadian heraldry the shield is now regularly granted.<ref>{{harvp|Slater|2003|p=231}}</ref>

The whole surface of the escutcheon is termed the [[field (heraldry)|field]], which may be plain, consisting of a single tincture, or divided into multiple sections of differing tinctures by various lines of partition; and any part of the field may be ''semé'', or powdered with small charges.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=89, 96–98}}</ref>  The edges and adjacent parts of the escutcheon are used to identify the placement of various heraldic charges; the upper edge, and the corresponding upper third of the shield, are referred to as the chief; the lower part is the base.  The sides of the shield are known as the dexter and sinister flanks, although these terms are based on the point of view of the bearer of the shield, who would be standing behind it; to the observer, and in all heraldic illustration, the dexter is on the left side, and the sinister on the right.<ref name="Boutell 8">{{harvp|Boutell|1890|p=8}}</ref><ref name="Woodward 59–60">{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p=59–60}}</ref><ref name="CGH 104–105">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=104–105}}</ref>

The placement of various charges may also refer to a number of specific points: nine in number according to some authorities, but eleven according to others.  The three most important are ''fess point'', located in the visual center of the shield;{{efn-lr|Because most shields are widest at the chief, and narrow to a point at the base, fess point is usually slightly higher than the midpoint.}} the ''honour point'', located midway between fess point and the chief; and the ''nombril point'', located midway between fess point and the base.<ref name="Boutell 8"/><ref name="Woodward 59–60"/><ref name="CGH 104–105"/>  The other points include ''dexter chief'', ''center chief'', and ''sinister chief'', running along the upper part of the shield from left to right, above the honour point; ''dexter flank'' and ''sinister flank'', on the sides approximately level with fess point; and ''dexter base'', ''middle base'', and ''sinister base'' along the lower part of the shield, below the nombril point.<ref name="Boutell 8"/><ref name="Woodward 59–60"/>

====Tinctures====
{{Main|Tincture (heraldry)}}
[[File:tinctures.svg|thumb|Table of the tinctures and furs]]
One of the most distinctive qualities of heraldry is the use of a limited palette of colours and patterns, usually referred to as [[tincture (heraldry)|tinctures]].  These are divided into three categories, known as ''metals'', ''colours'', and ''furs''.{{efn-lr|Technically, the word ''tincture'' applies specifically to the colours, rather than to the metals or the furs; but for lack of another term including all three, it is regularly used in this extended sense.}}<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|p=70}}</ref>

The metals are ''or'' and ''argent'', representing gold and silver, respectively, although in practice they are usually depicted as yellow and white.  Five colours are universally recognized: ''gules'', or red; ''sable'', or black; ''azure'', or blue; ''vert'', or green; and ''purpure'', or purple; and most heraldic authorities also admit two additional colours, known as ''sanguine'' or ''murrey'', a dark red or mulberry colour between gules and purpure, and ''tenné'', an orange or dark yellow to brown colour.  These last two are quite rare, and are often referred to as ''stains'', from the belief that they were used to represent some dishonourable act, although in fact there is no evidence that this use existed outside of fanciful heraldic writers.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=70–74}}</ref>  Perhaps owing to the realization that there is really no such thing as a ''stain'' in genuine heraldry, as well as the desire to create new and unique designs, the use of these colours for general purposes has become accepted in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.{{efn-lr|For instance, the arms of Lewes Old Grammar School, granted October 25, 2012: "Murrey within an Orle of eight Crosses crosslet Argent a Lion rampant Or holding in the forepaws a Book bound Azure the spine and the edges of the pages Gold" and those of Woolf, granted October 2, 2015: "Murrey a Snow Wolf's Head erased proper on a Chief Argent a Boar's Head coped at the neck between two Fleurs de Lys Azure."}}<ref name="CoA Official Site"/>  Occasionally one meets with other colours, particularly in continental heraldry, although they are not generally regarded among the standard heraldic colours.  Among these are ''cendrée'', or ash-colour; ''brunâtre'', or brown; ''bleu-céleste'' or ''bleu de ciel'', sky blue; ''amaranth'' or ''columbine'', a bright violet-red or pink colour; and ''carnation'', commonly used to represent flesh in French heraldry.<ref>{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p=61–62}}; {{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=74}}</ref>  A more recent addition is the use of ''copper'' as a metal in one or two Canadian coats of arms.

There are two basic types of heraldic fur, known as [[Ermine (heraldry)|ermine]] and [[vair]], but over the course of centuries each has developed a number of variations.  Ermine represents the fur of the [[stoat]], a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine.  It consists of a white, or occasionally silver field, powdered with black figures known as ''ermine spots'', representing the black tip of the animal's tail.  Ermine was traditionally used to line the cloaks and caps of the nobility.  The shape of the heraldic ermine spot has varied considerably over time, and nowadays is typically drawn as an arrowhead surmounted by three small dots, but older forms may be employed at the artist's discretion.  When the field is sable and the ermine spots argent, the same pattern is termed ''ermines''; when the field is ''or'' rather than argent, the fur is termed ''erminois''; and when the field is sable and the ermine spots ''or'', it is termed ''pean''.<ref>{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p= 63}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=77–79}}</ref>

Vair represents the winter coat of the [[red squirrel]], which is blue-grey on top and white underneath.  To form the linings of cloaks, the pelts were sewn together, forming an undulating, bell-shaped pattern, with interlocking light and dark rows.  The heraldic fur is depicted with interlocking rows of argent and azure, although the shape of the pelts, usually referred to as "vair bells", is usually left to the artist's discretion.  In the modern form, the bells are depicted with straight lines and sharp angles, and meet only at points; in the older, undulating pattern, now known as ''vair ondé'' or ''vair ancien'', the bells of each tincture are curved and joined at the base.  There is no fixed rule as to whether the argent bells should be at the top or the bottom of each row.  At one time vair commonly came in three sizes, and this distinction is sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; if the field contains fewer than four rows, the fur is termed ''gros vair'' or ''beffroi''; if of six or more, it is ''menu-vair'', or miniver.<ref name="CGH 79–83">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=79–83}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Innes of Learney|1978|p=28}}</ref>

A common variation is ''counter-vair'', in which alternating rows are reversed, so that the bases of the vair bells of each tincture are joined to those of the same tincture in the row above or below.  When the rows are arranged so that the bells of each tincture form vertical columns, it is termed ''vair in pale''; in continental heraldry one may encounter ''vair in bend'', which is similar to vair in pale, but diagonal.  When alternating rows are reversed as in counter-vair, and then displaced by half the width of one bell, it is termed ''vair in point'', or wave-vair.  A form peculiar to German heraldry is ''alternate vair'', in which each vair bell is divided in half vertically, with half argent and half azure.<ref name="CGH 79–83"/>  All of these variations can also be depicted in the form known as ''potent'', in which the shape of the vair bell is replaced by a ''T''-shaped figure, known as a potent from its resemblance to a crutch.  Although it is really just a variation of vair, it is frequently treated as a separate fur.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=84–85}}</ref>

When the same patterns are composed of tinctures other than argent and azure, they are termed ''vairé'' or ''vairy'' of those tinctures, rather than ''vair''; ''potenté'' of other colours may also be found.  Usually vairé will consist of one metal and one colour, but ermine or one of its variations may also be used, and vairé of four tinctures, usually two metals and two colours, is sometimes found.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=80–85}}</ref>

Three additional furs are sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; in French and Italian heraldry one meets with ''plumeté'' or ''plumetty'', in which the field appears to be covered with feathers, and ''papelonné'', in which it is decorated with scales.  In German heraldry one may encounter ''kursch'', or vair bellies, depicted as brown and furry; all of these probably originated as variations of vair.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=83–85}}</ref>

Considerable latitude is given to the heraldic artist in depicting the heraldic tinctures; there is no fixed shade or hue to any of them.{{efn-lr|"There are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artist to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate."<ref name="CoA Official Site"/>}}

Whenever an object is depicted as it appears in nature, rather than in one or more of the heraldic tinctures, it is termed ''proper'', or the colour of nature.  This does not seem to have been done in the earliest heraldry, but examples are known from at least the seventeenth century.  While there can be no objection to the occasional depiction of objects in this manner, the overuse of charges in their natural colours is often cited as indicative of bad heraldic practice.  The practice of landscape heraldry, which flourished in the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century, made extensive use of non-heraldic colours.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=75, 87–88}}</ref>

One of the most important conventions of heraldry is the so-called "[[rule of tincture]]".  To provide for contrast and visibility, metals should never be placed on metals, and colours should never be placed on colours.  This rule does not apply to charges which cross a division of the field, which is partly metal and partly colour; nor, strictly speaking, does it prevent a field from consisting of two metals or two colours, although this is unusual.  Furs are considered amphibious, and neither metal nor colour; but in practice ermine and erminois are usually treated as metals, while ermines and pean are treated as colours.  This rule is strictly adhered to in British armory, with only rare exceptions; although generally observed in continental heraldry, it is not adhered to quite as strictly.  Arms which violate this rule are sometimes known as "puzzle arms", of which the most famous example is the arms of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], consisting of gold crosses on a silver field.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=85–87}}</ref><ref>Bruno Heim, ''Or and Argent'', Gerrards Cross, Buckingham (1994).</ref>

====Variations of the field====
{{Main|Variation of the field}}
The [[Field (heraldry)|field]] of a shield, or less often a charge or crest, is sometimes made up of a pattern of colours, or ''variation''. A pattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called ''barry'', while a pattern of vertical (palewise) stripes is called ''paly''. A pattern of diagonal stripes may be called ''bendy'' or ''bendy sinister'', depending on the direction of the stripes. Other variations include ''chevrony'', ''gyronny'' and ''chequy''. Wave shaped stripes are termed ''undy''. For further variations, these are sometimes combined to produce patterns of ''barry-bendy'', ''paly-bendy'', ''lozengy'' and ''fusilly''. Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered variations of the field.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=101}}</ref> The [[Rule of tincture]] applies to all semés and variations of the field.

====Divisions of the field====

{{Main|Division of the field}}

[[File:Varpaisjärvi.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|A shield parted per pale and per fir twig fess. Coat of arms of former [[Municipalities of Finland|Finnish municipality]] of [[Varpaisjärvi]]]]

The [[Field (heraldry)|field]] of a [[shield]] in heraldry can be divided into more than one [[Tincture (heraldry)|tincture]], as can the various [[Charge (heraldry)|heraldic charge]]s. Many coats of arms consist simply of a division of the field into two contrasting tinctures. These are considered divisions of a shield, so the rule of tincture can be ignored. For example, a shield divided azure and gules would be perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The variations of partition lines can be wavy, indented, embattled, engrailed, [[nebuly]], or made into myriad other forms; see [[Line (heraldry)]].<ref>Stephen Friar and John Ferguson. ''Basic Heraldry''. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148.</ref>

====Ordinaries====
{{Main|Ordinary (heraldry)}}
In the early days of heraldry, very simple bold rectilinear shapes were painted on shields. These could be easily recognized at a long distance and could be easily remembered. They therefore served the main purpose of heraldry: identification.<ref>{{harvp|von Volborth|1981|page= 18}}</ref> As more complicated shields came into use, these bold shapes were set apart in a separate class as the "honourable ordinaries". They act as charges and are always written first in [[blazon]]. Unless otherwise specified they extend to the edges of the field. Though ordinaries are not easily defined, they are generally described as including the [[cross]], the [[fess]], the [[pale (heraldry)|pale]], the [[bend (heraldry)|bend]], the [[chevron (insignia)|chevron]], the [[saltire]], and the [[Pall (heraldry)|pall]].<ref>{{harvp|Friar|1987|p=259}}</ref>

There is a separate class of charges called sub-ordinaries which are of a geometrical shape subordinate to the ordinary. According to Friar, they are distinguished by their order in blazon. The sub-ordinaries include the [[inescutcheon]], the [[Orle (heraldry)|orle]], the tressure, the double tressure, the [[bordure]], the [[chief (heraldry)|chief]], the [[Canton (heraldry)|canton]], the [[label (heraldry)|label]], and [[flaunch]]es.<ref>{{harvp|Friar|1987|p=330}}</ref>

Ordinaries may appear in parallel series, in which case blazons in English give them different names such as pallets, bars, bendlets, and chevronels. French blazon makes no such distinction between these diminutives and the ordinaries when borne singly. Unless otherwise specified an ordinary is drawn with straight lines, but each may be indented, embattled, wavy, engrailed, or otherwise have their lines varied.<ref>{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|p=60}}</ref>

====Charges====
{{Main|Charge (heraldry)}}
A charge is any object or figure placed on a heraldic shield or on any other object of an armorial composition.<ref>{{harvp|Boutell|1890|p=311}}</ref> Any object found in nature or technology may appear as a heraldic charge in armory. Charges can be animals, objects, or geometric shapes. Apart from the ordinaries, the most frequent charges are the [[cross]] &ndash; with its hundreds of variations &ndash; and the [[Lion (heraldry)|lion]] and [[Eagle (heraldry)|eagle]]. Other common animals are [[Bear in heraldry|bears]], [[Deer|stags]], [[wild boar]]s, [[martlet]]s, [[Wolves in heraldry|wolves]] and [[fish]]. [[European dragon|Dragons]], [[bat#The bat in heraldry|bats]], [[unicorn]]s, [[griffin]]s, and other monsters appear as charges and as [[supporters]].

Animals are found in various stereotyped positions or ''[[Attitude (heraldry)|attitudes]]''. [[Quadruped]]s can often be found rampant (standing on the left hind foot). Another frequent position is [[Passant guardant|passant]], or walking, like the lions of the [[coat of arms of England]]. Eagles are almost always shown with their wings spread, or displayed. A pair of wings conjoined is called a [[vol (heraldry)|vol]].

In [[English heraldry]] the [[crescent]], [[mullet (heraldry)|mullet]], [[martlet]], [[annulet (heraldry)|annulet]], [[fleur-de-lis]], and [[rose (heraldry)|rose]] may be added to a shield to distinguish [[cadency|cadet]] branches of a family from the senior line. These cadency marks are usually shown smaller than normal charges, but it still does not follow that a shield containing such a charge belongs to a cadet branch. All of these charges occur frequently in basic undifferenced coats of arms.<ref>{{cite book |author-link1=Iain Moncreiffe  |first1=Iain |last1=Moncreiffe |author-link2=Don Pottinger |last2=Pottinger |first2=Don |title=Simple Heraldry, Cheerfully Illustrated |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons |location=London |year=1953 |page=20 |oclc=1119559413}}</ref>

====Marshalling====
[[File:Stowe Armorial.jpg|thumb|upright|An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719 quarterings of the [[George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham|Grenville]] [[Roll of arms|Armorial]] at [[Stowe House]]]]

To ''marshal'' two or more coats of arms is to combine them in one shield, to express inheritance, claims to property, or the occupation of an office. This can be done in a number of ways, of which the simplest is [[Impalement (heraldry)|impalement]]: [[division of the field|dividing the field]] ''per pale'' and putting one whole coat in each half. Impalement replaced the earlier [[dimidiation]] &ndash; combining the dexter half of one coat with the sinister half of another &ndash; because dimidiation can create ambiguity between, for example, a [[bend (heraldry)|bend]] and a [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]]. "Dexter" (from Latin ''dextra'', "right") means to the right from the viewpoint of the bearer of the arms and "sinister" (from Latin ''sinistra'', "left") means to the bearer's left. The dexter side is considered the side of greatest [[honour]] (see also [[dexter and sinister]]).

A more versatile method is [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartering]], division of the field by both vertical and horizontal lines. This practice originated in Spain ([[Coat of arms of Castile and León|Castile and León]]) after the 13th century.<ref>{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|p=14}}</ref> As the name implies, the usual number of divisions is four, but the principle has been extended to very large numbers of "quarters".

Quarters are numbered from the dexter chief (the corner nearest to the right shoulder of a man standing behind the shield), proceeding across the top row, and then across the next row and so on. When three coats are quartered, the first is repeated as the fourth; when only two coats are quartered, the second is also repeated as the third. The quarters of a personal coat of arms correspond to the ancestors from whom the bearer has inherited arms, normally in the same sequence as if the pedigree were laid out with the father's father's ... father (to as many generations as necessary) on the extreme left and the mother's mother's...mother on the extreme right.  A few lineages have accumulated hundreds of quarters, though such a number is usually displayed only in documentary contexts.<ref>Edmundas Rimša. ''Heraldry Past to Present''. (Versus Aureus, Vilnius: 2005), 38.</ref> The Scottish and Spanish traditions resist allowing more than four quarters, preferring to subdivide one or more "grand quarters" into sub-quarters as needed.

The third common mode of marshalling is with an [[inescutcheon]], a small shield placed in front of the main shield. In Britain this is most often an "escutcheon of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a married couple, that the wife is an heraldic heiress (i.e., she inherits a coat of arms because she has no brothers). In continental Europe an inescutcheon (sometimes called a "heart shield") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whose domains are represented by the quarters of the main shield.

In [[German heraldry]], animate [[charge (heraldry)|charge]]s in combined coats usually turn to face the centre of the composition.
<gallery>
Dimidiation demo.svg|Dimidiation 
Dimidiation, worse case demo.svg|Dimidiation (worst case)
Impalement demo.svg|Impalement
Impalement demo 2.svg|Impalement (worst case)
Escutcheon of pretence demo.svg|Escutcheon of pretence
Quartering demo.svg|Quartering 
</gallery>