Editing Hatshepsut (section)

==Death, burial, and mummification==
{{See also|KV20}}
[[File:Quartz_sarcophagus_of_Queen_Hatshepsut.jpg|thumb|Hatshepsut's quartz sarcophagus]]
Hatshepsut's last dated attestation as pharaoh is Year 20, III [[Season of the Emergence|Peret]], Day 2, {{circa|22 May 1459 BC}}, but the reign length of 21 years and 9 months for her by [[Manetho]] in [[Josephus]]'s book ''[[Contra Apionem]]''<ref>[https://pharaoh.se/josephus-king-list Josephus] © 2011–2023 by Peter Lundström — Some Rights Reserved — V. 4.0</ref> indicates that she ceased to reign in Year 22, {{circa|1458 BC}}.{{sfn|Hornung|2006|p=201}}{{sfn|Hornung|Krauss|Warburton|2006|p=492}}{{sfn|Tyldesley|1996|p=210}} The precise date of the beginning of Thutmose III's reign as sole ruler of Egypt—and presumably of Hatshepsut's death—is considered to be Year 22, II Peret, Day 10, recorded on a single stela erected at [[Armant]],{{sfn|Hornung|2006|p=201}}{{sfn|Tyldesley|2006|p=106}} corresponding to 16 January 1458 BC.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=261|ps=. Allen writes here that scholars consider the Armant stela to mark the occasion of Thutmose III's sole reign since he uses the epithet "Thutmose, Ruler of [[Maat]]" twice on this document for the first time in his reign. This means he was asserting his own claim to the administration of Egypt after that of Hatshepsut, who by then had probably died.}} This information validates the basic reliability of Manetho's king list records since Hatshepsut's known accession date was I [[Shemu]], Day 4.{{sfn|Beckerath|1997|p=189}}{{sfn|Hornung|2006|p=201}}

Hatshepsut began constructing a [[cliff tomb of Hatshepsut|tomb]] when she was the [[Great Royal Wife]] of Thutmose II. Still, the scale of this was not suitable for a pharaoh, so when she ascended the throne, preparation for another burial started. For this, [[KV20]], originally quarried for her father, Thutmose I, and probably the first royal tomb in the [[Valley of the Kings]], was extended with a new burial chamber. Hatshepsut also refurbished her father's burial and prepared for a double interment of both Thutmose I and her within KV20. Therefore, it is likely that when she died (no later than the 22nd year of her reign), she was interred in this tomb along with her father.{{sfn|Forbes|2005|pp=26–42}}

However, during Thutmose III's reign, a new tomb ([[KV38]]), was constructed along with fresh burial equipment for Thutmose I. Thus, Thutmose I was relocated from his original tomb and reburied elsewhere. There is a possibility that at the same time, Hatshepsut's mummy was moved into the tomb of her nurse, [[Sitre In]], in [[KV60]]. These actions could have been motivated by [[Amenhotep II]], Thutmose III's son from a secondary wife, in an effort to secure his own uncertain claim to the throne.

Besides what was recovered from KV20 during Egyptologist [[Howard Carter]]'s clearance of the tomb in 1903, other funerary furniture belonging to Hatshepsut has been found elsewhere, including a lioness throne or bedstead, a [[senet]] game board with carved lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces bearing her pharaonic title, a signet ring, and a partial [[shabti]] figurine bearing her name. In the Royal Mummy Cache at [[DB320]], a wooden canopic box featuring an ivory knob was found, bearing the name of Hatshepsut and containing a mummified liver or spleen, along with a molar tooth. There was also a royal lady with the same name from the 21st dynasty, leading to initial speculation that the artifacts may have belonged to her instead.{{sfn|Bickerstaffe|2002|pp=71–77}}

===Proposed mummy===
[[File:Mummy of Hatshepsut.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The KV60A mummy, thought to be that of Hatshepsut]]
In 1903, Howard Carter had discovered tomb [[KV60]] in the Valley of the Kings. It contained two female mummies: one identified as Hatshepsut's wet nurse and the other unidentified. In spring 2007, the unidentified body, called KV60A, was finally removed from the tomb by Dr. [[Zahi Hawass]] and taken to Cairo's Egyptian Museum for testing. This mummy was missing a tooth, and the space in the jaw perfectly matched Hatshepsut's existing molar, found in the DB320 "canopic box". Based on this, Hawass concluded that the KV60A mummy is very likely Hatshepsut.{{sfn|National Geographic|2007}}{{sfn|Brown|2009}}

While the mummy and the tooth could be DNA tested to see if it belonged to the same person and confirm the mummy's identity, Hawass, the Cairo Museum and some Egyptologists have refused to do it as it would require destroying the tooth to retrieve the DNA.{{sfn|National Geographic|2007}}{{sfn|Brown|2009}} Her death has since been attributed to a [[benzopyrene]] [[carcinogen]]ic skin lotion found in possession of the Pharaoh, which led to her having [[bone cancer]]. Other members of the queen's family are thought to have suffered from inflammatory skin diseases that tend to be genetic. Assuming that the mummy is that of Hatshepsut, it is likely that she inadvertently poisoned herself while trying to soothe her itchy, irritated skin.{{sfn|University of Bonn|2011}}{{sfn|Wilford|2007|loc=A single tooth and some DNA clues appear to have solved the mystery of the lost mummy of Hatshepsut, one of the great queens of ancient Egypt, who reigned in the 15th century B.C.}}{{sfn|Wright|2007}} It also would suggest that she had arthritis and bad teeth, which may be why the tooth was removed.{{sfn|Wilford|2007}}

However, in 2011, the tooth was identified as the molar from a lower jaw, whereas the mummy from KV60 was missing a molar from its upper jaw, thus casting doubt on the supposed identification.<ref>{{harvnb|Graefe|2011|pp=41–43}}. See also {{harvnb|Thimes|2008|pp=6–7}}</ref>