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===Language=== In 1938, jazz bandleader and singer [[Cab Calloway]] published the first dictionary by an African-American, ''Cab Calloway's Cat-ologue: A "Hepster's" Dictionary'', which became the official [[Glossary of jive talk|jive language]] reference book of the [[New York Public Library]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorene |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2017 |title=Cab Calloway's Hepster's Dictionary: A Guide To The Language Of Jive (1938) |url=https://flashbak.com/cab-calloways-hepsters-dictionary-a-guide-to-the-language-of-jive-1938-378657/ |website=Flashbak |language=en-US |access-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093107/https://flashbak.com/cab-calloways-hepsters-dictionary-a-guide-to-the-language-of-jive-1938-378657/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Calt">{{cite book |last1=Calt |first1=Stephen |title=Barrelhouse Words: A Blues Dialect Dictionary |date=2009 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252076602 |page=xxi}}</ref> In 1939, Calloway published an accompanying book titled ''Professor Cab Calloway's Swingformation Bureau'', which instructed readers how to apply the words and phrases from the dictionary. He released several editions until 1944, the last being ''The New Cab Calloway's Hepsters Dictionary: Language of Jive''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alvarez |first=Luis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6gwDwAAQBAJ&q=cab+calloway+ |title=The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance During World War II |publisher=Univ of California Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-520-26154-9 |pages=92β93 |language=en |access-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210520/https://books.google.com/books?id=e6gwDwAAQBAJ&q=cab+calloway+#v=snippet&q=cab%20calloway&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Poet [[Lemn Sissay]] observed that "Cab Calloway was taking ownership of language for a people who, just a few generations before, had their own languages taken away."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=August 1, 2017 |title=The 'Hepster Dictionary' Was the First Dictionary Written By an African American |url=https://www.history.com/news/the-hepster-dictionary-was-the-first-dictionary-written-by-an-african-american |website=History |language=en |access-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310031324/https://www.history.com/news/the-hepster-dictionary-was-the-first-dictionary-written-by-an-african-american |url-status=live }}</ref>
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