Editing Han Chinese (section)

==Han Chinese subgroups ==
{{Prose|section|date=October 2024}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=October 2024}}
{{Main|Han Chinese subgroups}}
Han Chinese can be divided into various subgroups based on the variety of Chinese that they speak.<ref name="Genetic Studies of Human Diversity">{{cite journal|last1 = Zhang|first1 = Feng|last2=Su|first2=Bing|last3=Zhang|first3=Ya-ping|last4=Jin|first4=Li|title = Genetic Studies of Human Diversity in East Asia|pmc=2435565|journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=362|issue=1482|pages=987–996|date=22 February 2007|pmid=17317646|doi = 10.1098/rstb.2007.2028}}</ref><ref name="Ancient DNA Reveals That the Geneti">{{cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|title = Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago|journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|year=2015|volume=10|issue=5|page=e0125676|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676|pmid=25938511|pmc=4418768|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waves of migration have occurred throughout China's long history and vast geographical expanse, engendering the emergence of Han Chinese subgroups found throughout the various regions of modern China today with distinct regional features.<ref name="Genetic Studies of Human Diversity" /><ref name="Ancient DNA Reveals That the Geneti" /><ref name="Gernet1996">{{cite book|author=Jacques Gernet|title=A History of Chinese Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern |url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49781-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/8 8]}}</ref><ref name="gene">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature02878 |title=Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture |year=2004 |last1=Wen |first1=Bo |last2=Li |first2=Hui |last3=Lu |first3=Daru |last4=Song |first4=Xiufeng |last5=Zhang |first5=Feng |last6=He |first6=Yungang |last7=Li |first7=Feng |last8=Gao |first8=Yang |last9=Mao |first9=Xianyun|last10=Zhang |first10=L |last11=Qian |first11=J |last12=Tan |first12=J |last13=Jin |first13=J |last14=Huang |first14=W |last15=Deka |first15=R |last16=Su |first16=B |last17=Chakraborty |first17=R |last18=Jin |first18=L |display-authors=9 |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7006 |pages=302–05 |pmid=15372031|bibcode=2004Natur.431..302W }}</ref><ref name="Vickers2013">{{cite book|author=Edward Vickers|title=History Education and National Identity in East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TTaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-40500-7|pages=191–|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414161120/https://books.google.com/books?id=8TTaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|url-status=live}}</ref>

The expansion of the Han people outside their linguistic homeland in the Yellow River is an important part of their historical consciousness and ethnogenesis, and accounts for their present-day diversity.

There were several periods of mass migration of Han people to southeastern and southern China throughout history.<ref name="Gernet1996" /> Initially, the sparsely populated regions of south China were inhabited by tribes known only as the Bai Yue or Hundred Yue. Many of these tribes developed into kingdoms under rulers and nobility of Han Chinese ethnicity but retained a Bai Yue majority for several centuries.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Yet others were forcibly brought into the Sinosphere by the imperial ambitions of emperors such as Qin Shi Huangdi and Han Wu Di, both of whom settled hundreds of thousands of Chinese in these lands to form agricultural colonies and military garrisons. Even then, control over these lands was tenuous, and Bai Yue cultural identity remained strong until sustained waves of Han Chinese emigration in the Jin, Tang and Song dynasties altered the demographic balance completely.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

[[File:Map of sinitic languages full-en.svg|thumb|Distribution of Chinese languages in China]]
[[File:Mandarin subgroups and Jin group.png|thumb|Distribution of Mandarin dialects in China]]

Chinese language (or Chinese languages) can be divided to 10 primary dialects (or languages).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Li; Wurm |first=Rong; Stephen Adolphe |title=Language Atlas of China |year=2012 |isbn=978-962-359-085-3 |edition=2nd |location=China}}</ref>

Each [[Han Chinese subgroups|Han Chinese subgroup]] (民系) can be identified through their dialects:<ref name="Genetic Studies of Human Diversity" /><ref name="Ancient DNA Reveals That the Geneti" />
* [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] (吴语): [[Wu Chinese-speaking people|Jiangzhe people]] (江浙民系)
* [[Huizhou Chinese|Hui]] (徽语): [[Huizhou, Anhui#Culture|Wannan people]] (皖南民系)
* [[Gan Chinese|Gan]] (赣语): [[Gan Chinese-speaking people|Jiangxi people]] (江西民系)
* [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]] (湘语): [[Hunanese people|Hunan people]] (湖南民系)
* [[Min Chinese|Min]] (闽语): [[Min Chinese speakers|Minhai people]] (闽海民系)
* [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] (客语): [[Hakka people]] (客家民系)
* [[Yue Chinese|Yue]] (粤语): [[Cantonese people]] (岭南民系)
* [[Pinghua and Tuhua]] (平话和土话): Pingnan people (平南民系)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Rui-Jing |last2=Pan |first2=Shang-Ling |last3=Mustavich |first3=Laura F. |last4=Qin |first4=Zhen-Dong |last5=Cai |first5=Xiao-Yun |last6=Qian |first6=Ji |last7=Liu |first7=Cheng-Wu |last8=Peng |first8=Jun-Hua |last9=Li |first9=Shi-Lin |last10=Xu |first10=Jie-Shun |last11=Jin |first11=Li |last12=Li |first12=Hui |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |date=April 2008 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=303–313 |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Yan |last2=Pan |first2=Shang-Ling |last3=Qin |first3=Shu-Ming |last4=Qin |first4=Zheng-Dong |last5=Wang |first5=Chuan-Chao |last6=Gan |first6=Rui-Jing |last7=Li |first7=Hui |title=Genetic evidence for the multiple origins of Pinghua Chinese |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |date=May 2013 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=271–279 |doi=10.1111/jse.12003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Project |first=Joshua |title=Pinghua, Southern in China |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18480/CH |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=joshuaproject.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Project |first=Joshua |title=Pinghua, Northern in China |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/21839/CH |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=joshuaproject.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=江南区第五届平话文化旅游节盛大开幕_中国南宁 |url=http://www.nanning.china.com.cn/2019-09/20/content_40900792.htm |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.nanning.china.com.cn}}</ref><!-- In "江南区第五届平话文化旅游节盛大开幕" ("The 5th Jiangnan District Pinghua Culture and Tourism Festival Grandly Opens"), it says "据介绍，平话文化源于中原，随宋朝名将狄青军队进入广西。狄青的军队于1053年入桂，距今已有960多年历史。据史料和平话族谱记载，现在的江南亭子古称“平南村”，“平话”原本称为“平南村（人）话”，在长期使用过程中，“平南村（人）话”简称为“平话”。史料记载，狄青率领的“平南军”曾留下部分士兵屯守广西，其中一部分就屯守在邕江南岸，他们及其后人从此定居于此，成为最初的“平话人”。以平话人为主体的汉族人口在与壮民族的长期文化交流融合中，对原有中原文化进行了丰富和发展，兼收并蓄、独具特色的平话文化由此形成。" ("According to historical accounts, Pinghua culture originated in the Central Plains and was introduced to Guangxi by the army of the famous Song Dynasty general Di Qing. In 1053, Di Qing's troops entered Guangxi, marking over 960 years since then. Historical records and Pinghua family genealogies show that today's Jiangnan Tingzi was formerly known as “Pingnan Village.” Initially, “Pinghua” referred to the language spoken by people from “Pingnan Village,” but over time, this was shortened simply to “Pinghua.” Records indicate that Di Qing's “Pingnan Army” left some soldiers stationed in Guangxi, with part of them settling on the southern bank of the Yong River. These soldiers and their descendants became the earliest “Pinghua people.” The Han population, with Pinghua people as the main group, enriched and developed the original Central Plains culture through long-term cultural exchange and integration with the Zhuang ethnic group. This blending of influences led to the creation of the unique and inclusive Pinghua culture we know today.").

"Ping" in "Pinghua" ("Dialect Ping") stands for "Pingnan". -->
* [[Jin Chinese|Jin]] (晋语): [[Shanxi#Culture|Jinsui people]] (晋绥民系)
* [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (官话): Northern people (北方民系)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Han Chinese, Mandarin people group in all countries {{!}} Joshua Project |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12051 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=joshuaproject.net}}</ref>
** [[Northeastern Mandarin|Northeastern]] (东北): [[Northeast China#Culture|Northeastern people]] (东北民系)
** [[Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)|Beijing]] (北平): [[Beijing#Culture|Youyan people]] (幽燕民系)
** [[Jilu Mandarin|Jilu]] (冀鲁): [[Qilu culture#Language|Jilu people]] (冀鲁民系)
** [[Jiaoliao Mandarin|Jiaoliao]] (胶辽): [[Qilu culture#Language|Jiaoliao people]] (胶辽民系)
** [[Central Plains Mandarin|Central Plains]] (中原): [[Zhongyuan culture|Central Plains people]] (中原民系)
** [[Lanyin Mandarin|Lanyin]] (兰银): [[Gansu#Culture|Longyou people]] (陇右民系)
** [[Southwestern Mandarin|Southwestern]] (西南): [[Sichuanese people|Southwestern people]] (西南民系)
** [[Lower Yangtze Mandarin|Jianghuai]] (江淮): [[Subei people|Jianghuai people]] (江淮民系)

=== Military garrisons and agricultural colonies ===
The first emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]] is said to have sent several hundred thousand men and fifteen thousand women to form agricultural and military settlements in Lingnan (present day Guangxi and Guangdong), under the leadership of a general named Zhao Tuo. The famous Han emperor, Han Wu Di, ordered another two hundred thousand men to build ships to attack and colonialize the Lingnan region, thus adding to the population in Guangdong and Guangxi. The first urban conurbations in the region, for example, Panyu, were created by Han settlers rather than the Bai Yue, who preferred to maintain small settlements subsisting on swidden agriculture and rice farming. Later on, Guangdong, northern Vietnam, and Yunnan all experienced a surge in Han Chinese migrants during [[Wang Mang]]'s reign.<ref name="Gernet1996" /> The demographic composition and culture of these regions during this period, could however scarcely be said to have been Sinitic outside the confines of these agricultural settlements and military outposts.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

=== Historical southward migrations ===
[[File:Han Expansion.png|thumb|Map showing the [[southward expansion of the Han dynasty]] during the 2nd century&nbsp;BC]]

The genesis of the modern Han people and their subgroups cannot be understood apart from their historical migrations to the south, resulting in a depopulation of the Central Plains, a fission between those that remained and those that headed south, and their subsequent fusion with aboriginal tribes south of the Yangtze, even as the centres of Han Chinese culture and wealth moved from the Yellow River Basin to Jiangnan, and to a lesser extent also, to Fujian and Guangdong.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

At various points in Chinese history, collapses of central authority in the face of barbarian uprisings or invasions and the loss of control of the Chinese heartland triggered mass migratory waves which transformed the demographic composition and cultural identity of the south. This process of sustained mass migration has been known as "garments and headdresses moving south" 衣冠南渡 (yì guān nán dù), on account of it first being led by the aristocratic classes.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:"衣冠南渡"字的解释 |url=https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%A1%A3%E5%86%A0%E5%8D%97%E6%B8%A1 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.zdic.net |language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="PK">{{Cite book |last=Szonyi |first=Michael |title=Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China |year=2002 |pages=27}}</ref><ref name="SK">{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Hugh R. |title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=2007 |page=223}}</ref>

Such migratory waves were numerous and triggered by such events such as the [[Uprising of the Five Barbarians]] during the Jin dynasty (304–316 AD) in which China was completely overrun by minority groups previously serving as vassals and servants to Sima (the royal house of Jin), the [[An Lu Shan rebellion]] during the Tang dynasty (755–763 AD), and the [[Jingkang incident]] (1127 AD) and [[Jin–Song wars|Jin-Song wars]]. These events caused widespread devastation, and even depopulated the north, resulting in the complete social and political breakdown and collapse of central authority in the Central Plains, triggering massive, sustained waves of Han Chinese migration into South China,<ref name="HT">{{Cite book |script-title=zh:全唐诗 |publisher=Zhonghua Book Company |pages=761 |language=Chinese |trans-title=Complete History of the Tang}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guo |first=Rongxing |title=An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |publication-date=2011}}</ref> leading to the formation of distinct Han lineages,<ref name="Clark2007">{{cite book |author=Hugh R. Clark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA37 |title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-962-996-227-2 |pages=37–38 |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802233602/https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA37 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> who also likely assimilated the by-now partially sinicized Bai Yue in their midst.

Modern Han Chinese subgroups, such as the [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], the [[Hakka people|Hakka]], the [[Putian people|Henghua]], the [[Hainanese]], the [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]] peoples, the [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], the [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]], the [[Wu Chinese|Wu-speaking]] peoples, all claim Han Chinese ancestry pointing to official histories and their own genealogical records to support such claims.<ref name="PK" /><ref name="SK" /><ref name="EisenstadtSchluchter">{{cite book |author1=Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DPEol7HO3gC&pg=PA213 |title=Public Spheres and Collective Identities |author2=Wolfgang Schluchter |author3=Björn Wittrock |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-3248-9 |pages=213–14 |access-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414100424/https://books.google.com/books?id=0DPEol7HO3gC&pg=PA213 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LeongWright1997">{{cite book |author1=Sow-Theng Leong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qeC_0u3pLIC&pg=PA78 |title=Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors |author2=Tim Wright |author3=George William Skinner |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8047-2857-7 |pages=78– |access-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414103333/https://books.google.com/books?id=6qeC_0u3pLIC&pg=PA78 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Linguists hypothesize that proto- Wu and Min varieties of Chinese may have originated from the time of [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurpaska |first=Maria |title=Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects |year=2010 |pages=161}}</ref> while the proto- Yue and Hakka varieties perhaps from the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] and [[Song dynasty|Song]], about half-a-millennium later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hashimoto |first=Anne |title=Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1972}}</ref> The presence of [[Kra–Dai languages|Tai-Kradai]] substrates in these dialects may have been due to the assimilation of the remaining groups of Bai Yue, integrating these lands into the Sinosphere proper.

==== First wave: Jin dynasty ====
[[File:Wu Hu Uprising.png|thumb|Major nomadic groups involved in the Uprising of the Five Barbarians]]
The chaos of the [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians|Uprising of the Five Barbarians]] triggered the first massive movement of Han Chinese dominated by civilians rather than soldiers to the south, being led principally by the aristocracy and the Jin elite. Thus, Jiangnan, comprising Hangzhou's coastal regions and the Yangtze valley were settled in the 4th century AD by families descended from Chinese nobility.<ref name="Gernet1996" /><ref name="LagerweyLü2009 34">{{cite book |first1=John |last1=Lagerwey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2nWdWbN3MQC&pg=PA831 |title=Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 AD) |first2=Pengzhi |last2=Lü |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17585-3 |page=831}}</ref> Special "[[Commandery (China)|commanderies]] of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive number of Han Chinese immigrating during this period <ref name="Gernet1996" /> which included notable families such as the Wang and the Xie.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nicolas Olivier Tackett |title=The Transformation of Medieval Chinese Elites (850–1000 C.E.) |url=http://history.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/slides/Dissertation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220551/http://history.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/slides/Dissertation.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=History.berkeley.edu}}</ref> A religious group known as the [[Celestial Masters]] contributed to the movement. Jiangnan became the most populous and prosperous region of China.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOzKGAAACAAJ |title=Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC–AD 600 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7607-1973-2 |page=2.25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Haywood |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQMUNgAACAAJ |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492 |last2=Jotischky |first2=Andrew |last3=McGlynn |first3=Sean |publisher=Barnes & Noble |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7607-1976-3 |pages=3.21}}</ref>

The [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians|Uprising of the Five Barbarians]], also led to the resettlement of Fujian. The province of Fujian - whose aboriginal inhabitants had been deported to the Central Plains by Han Wu Di, was now repopulated by Han Chinese settlers and colonists from the Chinese heartland. The "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from the Central Plains to Fujian - these were the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin clans, who remain there until this very day.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSiwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341 |title=Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods |last2=Zheng |first2=Zhenman |date=2009 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9047429463 |page=341 |access-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803004031/https://books.google.com/books?id=lSiwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Bin |title=From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia |last2=Xie |first2=Bizhen |date=2013 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3643903297 |editor1-last=Li |editor1-first=Tang |edition=illustrated |page=270 |chapter=The Rise and Fall of Nestorianism in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty |access-date=29 March 2019 |editor2-last=Winkler |editor2-first=Dietmar W. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA270}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Szonyi |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6La08w3cBcAC&pg=PA27 |title=Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China |date=2002 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0804742618 |edition=illustrated |page=27 |access-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802235300/https://books.google.com/books?id=6La08w3cBcAC&pg=PA27 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zheng |first1=Zhenman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6l_WOr1lLYC&pg=PA190 |title=Family Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming and Qing Fujian |year=2001 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |isbn=0824823338 |page=190}}</ref>

==== Tang dynasty and An Lushan rebellion ====
[[File:唐尚父汾阳忠武王像.jpg|thumb|291x291px|'''[[Guo Ziyi]]''', who quelled the An Lushan rebellion, which caused a fall in recorded numbers of Tang inhabitants from 53 million to 17 million people]]
In the wake of the [[An Lushan rebellion]], a further wave of Han migrants from northern China headed the south.<ref name="Vickers2013" /><ref name="HT" /><ref name="PK" /><ref name="SK" /><ref name="Clark2007 2">{{cite book |author=Hugh R. Clark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA78 |title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-962-996-227-2 |pages=78–79}}</ref> At the start of the rebellion in 755 there were 52.9 million registered inhabitants of the Tang Empire, and after its end in 764, only 16.9 million were recorded.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} It is likely that the difference in census figures was due to the complete breakdown in administrative capabilities, as well as the widespread escape from the north by the Han Chinese and their mass migration to the south.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

By now, the Han Chinese population in the south far outstripped that of the Bai Yue. Guangdong and Fujian both experienced a significant influx of northern Han Chinese settlers, leading many Cantonese, Hokkien and Teochew individuals to identify themselves as ''Tangren'', which has served as a means to assert and acknowledge their ethnic and cultural origin and identity.<ref name="Wilkinson2000">{{cite book |first=Endymion Porter |last=Wilkinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA752 |title=Chinese History: A Manual |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-674-00249-4 |page=752}}</ref>

==== Jin–Song wars and Mongol invasion ====
[[File:岳飞像.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yue Fei]], who was a military general of the Song dynasty against the Jurchen (Jin) invasion, is considered a Chinese national hero and is often worshipped alongside [[Guan Yu]] in [[martial temple|martial temples.]]|396x396px]]
[[File:Song Jin Wars.jpg|left|thumb|The Jin–Song wars resulted in the devastation of Northern China and the displacement of more Han Chinese to Southern China]]
The [[Jin–Song Wars]] caused yet another wave of mass migration of the Han Chinese from northern China to southern China,<ref name="PK" /><ref name="SK" /> leading to a further increase in the Han Chinese population across southern Chinese provinces. The formation of the Hainanese and Hakka people can be attributed to the chaos of this period.

The [[Mongol conquest of China]] during the thirteenth century once again caused a surging influx of northern Han Chinese refugees to move south to settle and develop the [[Pearl River Delta]].<ref name="Hunter Publishing, Inc">{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdHeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |title=China's Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou & Shenzhen |year=2010 |publisher=Hunter |isbn=978-1588438119 |series=Hunter travel guides}}</ref><ref name="China: An Environmental History">{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5638DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |title=China: An Environmental History |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1442277892 |edition=2nd |page=177}}</ref><ref name="Lexington Books">{{cite book |last1=Zhao |first1=Zhenzhou |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKaE82DAlQYC&pg=PA243 |title=China's Mongols at University: Contesting Cultural Recognition |last2=Lee |first2=Wing On |year=2010 |publisher=Lexington |isbn=978-1461633112 |series=Emerging Perspectives on Education in China |page=243}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dBsfts9wyRsC&pg=PA53 |title=Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=113942551X |series=Studies in Environment and History |page=53}}</ref><ref name="Newspaper Enterprise Limited">{{cite book |last1=Herklots |first1=Geoffrey Alton Craig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HgcAQAAIAAJ&q=pearl+river+delta+mongols |title=The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 3-4 |year=1932 |publisher=Newspaper Enterprise|page=120}}</ref><ref name="Rowman Altamira">{{cite book |last1=Lai |first1=H. Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZjruI0_XmcC&pg=PA11 |title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |last2=Hsu |first2=Madeline |author2-link=Madeline Y. Hsu |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0759104581 |volume=13 |series=Critical perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans |page=11}}</ref> These mass migrations over the centuries inevitably led to the demographic expansion, economic prosperity, agricultural advancements, and cultural flourishing of southern China, which remained relatively peaceful unlike its northern counterpart.<ref name="Springer">{{cite book |last1=Yao |first1=Yifeng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLquDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |title=Nanjing: Historical Landscape and Its Planning from Geographical Perspective |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-9811016370 |edition=illustrated |page=95}}</ref><ref name="Six Dynasties">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Six Dynasties |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Six-Dynasties |access-date=30 March 2019 |date=4 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330193129/https://www.britannica.com/event/Six-Dynasties |archive-date=30 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MS">{{cite book |last1=Entenmann |first1=Robert Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9nqAAAAIAAJ&q=an+lushan+sichuan+migration |title=Migration and settlement in Sichuan, 1644-1796 |year=1982 |publisher=Harvard University |page=14}}</ref><ref name="QC">{{cite book |last1=Shi |first1=Zhihong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jE9DwAAQBAJ&q=an+lushan+sichuan+migration&pg=PA154 |title=Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911 |year=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004355248 |series=The Quantitative Economic History of China |page=154}}</ref><ref name="China: A New Cultural History">{{cite book |last1=Hsu |first1=Cho-yun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2_GQpLPPl8C&pg=PA194 |title=China: A New Cultural History |year=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231528184 |edition=illustrated |series=Masters of Chinese Studies |page=194}}</ref><ref name="The History of China">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QV5Wp2fJbzMC&pg=PA127 |title=The History of China |year=2010 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-1615301096 |editor-last1=Pletcher |editor-first1=Kenneth |series=Understanding China |page=127}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3FLAQAAIAAJ&q=an+lushan+sichuan+migration |title=Chinese journal of international law, Volume 3 |year=2004 |page=631}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2024}}