Editing Hampshire (section)

===Middle Ages onwards===

[[File:Southamptonia Atlas.jpg|thumb|250px|Hand-drawn map of Hampshire by Christopher Saxton from 1577]]

By the Norman Conquest, [[London]] had overtaken Winchester as the largest city in England<ref name="hindley" /> and after the Norman Conquest, [[William the Conqueror|King William I]] made London his capital. While the centre of political power moved away from Hampshire, Winchester remained an important city; the proximity of the [[New Forest]] to Winchester made it a prized royal hunting forest; [[William II of England|King William Rufus]] was killed while hunting there in 1100. There were 44 [[hundred (division)|hundred]]s, covering 483 named places, recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 which are in present-day Hampshire and part of Sussex.<ref name="Domesday">{{cite web |title=Open Domesday: Hampshire |url=https://opendomesday.org/county/hampshire/ |access-date= 31 July 2019 |archive-date= 16 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190116105847/https://opendomesday.org/county/hampshire/ |url-status= live}}</ref> From the 12th century, the ports grew in importance, fuelled by trade with the continent, wool and cloth manufacture in the county, and the fishing industry, and a shipbuilding industry was established. By 1523 at the latest, the population of Southampton had outstripped that of Winchester.

[[File:UK Defence Imagery Naval Bases image 06.jpg|thumb|Portsmouth historic dockyard, 2005]]
Over several centuries, a series of [[castle]]s and [[fort]]s was constructed along the coast of the [[Solent]] to defend the harbours at Southampton and Portsmouth. These include the Roman [[Portchester Castle]] which overlooks [[Portsmouth Harbour]], and a series of forts built by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] including [[Hurst Castle]], situated on a sand [[spit (landform)|spit]] at the mouth of the Solent, [[Calshot Castle]] on another spit at the mouth of Southampton Water, and [[Netley Castle]]. Southampton and Portsmouth remained important harbours when rivals, such as [[Poole]] and [[Bristol]], declined, as they are amongst the few locations that combine shelter with deep water. ''[[Mayflower]]'' and ''[[Speedwell (1577 ship)|Speedwell]]'' set sail for America from Southampton in 1620.<ref>{{cite news |work=Southern Daily Echo |title=A look back at when the Mayflower and Speedwell left Southampton bound for America |url=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/15797810.A_look_back_at_when_the_Mayflower_and_Speedwell_left_Southampton_bound_for_America/ |date=29 December 2017 |author=Ian Crump |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114437/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/15797810.A_look_back_at_when_the_Mayflower_and_Speedwell_left_Southampton_bound_for_America/ |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651) there were several skirmishes in Hampshire between the [[Royalist]] and [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] forces. Principal engagements were the [[Siege of Basing House]] between 1643 and 1645, and the [[Battle of Cheriton]] in 1644; both were significant Parliamentarian victories. Other clashes included the [[Battle of Alton]] in 1643, where the commander of the Royalist forces was killed in the pulpit of the parish church,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mee |first1=Arthur |title=The King's England – Hampshire and the Isle of Wight |date=1967 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0-340-00083-X}}</ref> and the [[Siege of Portsmouth]] in 1642.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Siege of Portsmouth in the Civil War |last=Webb |first=John |year=1977 |publisher=Portsmouth City Council |isbn=0-901559-33-4}}</ref>

By the mid-19th century, with the county's population at 219,210 (double that at the beginning of the century) in more than 86,000 dwellings, agriculture was the principal industry (10 per cent of the county was still forest) with cereals, peas, hops, honey, sheep and hogs important. Due to Hampshire's long association with pigs and boars, natives of the county have been known as ''Hampshire hogs'' since the 18th century.<ref name=hog>Hampshire County Council, 2003. "[http://www.hants.gov.uk/press/2003/pr558hog.html Press Release: Hampshire's Hog has a home] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031219184618/http://www.hants.gov.uk/press/2003/pr558hog.html |date=19 December 2003 }}</ref> In the eastern part of the county the principal port was Portsmouth (with its naval base, population 95,000), while several ports (including Southampton, with its steam docks, population 47,000) in the western part were significant. In 1868, the number of people employed in manufacture exceeded those in agriculture, engaged in silk, paper, sugar and lace industries, ship building and salt works. Coastal towns engaged in fishing and exporting agricultural produce. Several places were popular for seasonal sea bathing.<ref name=Gaz1868 /> The ports employed large numbers of workers, both land-based and seagoing; ''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'', lost on her maiden voyage in 1912, was crewed largely by residents of Southampton.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barratt |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Barratt |title=Lost Voices From the Titanic: The Definitive Oral History |year=2009 |page=84 |publisher=Random House |location=London |isbn=978-1-84809-151-1}}</ref>

On 16 October 1908, [[Samuel Franklin Cody]] made the first powered flight of {{cvt|400|yd|m}} in the United Kingdom at [[Farnborough, Hampshire|Farnborough]], then home to the Army Balloon Factory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Army Flying |publisher=Edupub |location=Wigginton |pages=4–5}}{{full citation needed|date=December 2019}}</ref>