Editing Hainan (section)

==Geography==
{{See also|Geology of Hainan Island}}
[[File:Hainan topographical map - cropped.jpg|alt=upright=1.35|thumb|Topographic map of Hainan Island]]
Hainan, separated by the {{cvt|20|km|adj=on}} wide [[Qiongzhou Strait]] from the [[Leizhou Peninsula]] of [[Guangdong]], is the 42nd largest island in the world. The area of Hainan Island ({{Convert|32900|km2|mi2|-2|abbr=on}}, 97% of the province) is slightly smaller than that of [[Taiwan]] Island. To the west of Hainan Island is the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]. [[Wuzhi Mountain]] is the highest mountain on the island at {{convert|1840|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

Hainan Island measures {{convert|288|km|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|180|km|abbr=on}} wide.

The northern half of Hainan is covered with the ancient [[Hainan Volcanic Field]]. Beneath the topsoil is [[volcanic rock]] while the topsoil itself contains small pieces of this [[Vesicular texture|vesicular]] rock.

Wetland covers 320,000 hectares, 78,000 hectares of which were created artificially. Most of this is located in the eastern and northern part of Hainan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecns.cn/2016/11-15/233958.shtml|title=China's Hainan island has 320,000 hectares of wetland|website=www.ecns.cn|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215194758/http://www.ecns.cn/2016/11-15/233958.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rivers and lakes===
Most of the rivers in Hainan originate in the central area of the island and flow radially in different directions. The [[Nandu River]] in the northern part of the island is {{convert|314|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, and its [[tributary]], the [[Xinwu River]], is {{convert|109|km|mi|abbr=on}} long. Other major rivers include the [[Wanquan River]] at {{convert|162|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long in the east, [[Changhua River]] in the west, and the [[Sanya River|Sanya]] and [[Taiyang River]]s in the south. Evaporation during the dry season around the coastal areas greatly reduces the flow of the rivers.

There are very few natural lakes in Hainan. However, there are numerous [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]]s, the largest of which is the [[Songtao Reservoir]] in the central-north area.

===Islands===
{{Main|Islands of Hainan}}

====Nearby islands====
Several small islands exist around the coast of Hainan Island:
*[[Dazhou Island]] is located about {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} off the coast of [[Wanning]]
*[[Haidian Island]], on the north coast, is part of Haikou City
*[[Nanwan Monkey Island]], is actuality a peninsula
*[[Phoenix Island]] is an artificial resort island currently under construction in [[Sanya Bay]].
*[[Wuzhizhou Island]] is located within [[Haitang Bay]]
*[[Xinbu Island]] is located directly to the east of [[Haidian Island]]

Due to their close proximity to the main island, the flora, fauna, and the climate are very similar.

====Disputed islands====
{{See also|South China Sea Islands}}
[[File:South China Sea claims map.svg|thumb|Maritime claims of [[South China Sea]]]]
<!--[[Sansha]]-->
{{location map+ |South China Sea |width=250 |float=right
|caption= Location of the major islands in [[Sansha]] <br />
Legend： [[File:Black_star.svg|8px]] {{color|black| Black：<big>'''{{nowrap|Sansha (Pref. seat)}}'''</big> [[Woody Island (South China Sea)|Yongxing]]}} [[File:Pink_pog.svg|8px]] Pink：[[Scarborough Shoal|Huangyan]] [[File: Green_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|green|Green：[[Fiery Cross Reef|Yongshu]]}} [[File:Blue_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|blue|Blue：[[Mischief Reef|Meiji]]}} [[File:Purple_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|purple|Purple：[[Subi Reef|Zhubi]]}} [[File: Orange_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|orange|Orange：[[Cuarteron Reef|Huayang]]}} [[File:Yellow_pog.svg|8px]] Yellow：[[Gaven Reefs|Nanxun]] [[File:Red_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|red|Red：[[Johnson South Reef|Chiguo]]}} [[File:Brown_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|brown|Brown：[[Hughes Reef|Dongmen]]}}
|places=
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{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=8 |lat=15.183333 |long=117.766667 |label=<!--[[Scarborough Shoal|Huangyan]]--> | mark= Pink pog.svg }}
{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=8 |lat=9.616667 |long=112.966667 |label=<!--[[Fiery Cross Reef|Yongshu]]--> | mark= Green pog.svg }}
{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=8 |lat=9.9 |long=115.533333 |label=<!--[[Mischief Reef|Meiji]]--> | mark  =Blue pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=8 |lat=10.9133 |long=114.062 |label=<!--[[Subi Reef|Zhubi] --> | mark= Purple pog.svg }}
{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=5 |lat=8.883333 |long=112.851389 |label=<!--[[Cuarteron Reef|Huayang]]--> | mark= Orange pog.svg }}
{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=5 |lat=10.213889 |long=114.233333 |label=<!--[[Gaven_Reefs|Nanxun]]--> | mark= Yellow pog.svg }}
{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=5 |lat=9.715 |long=114.287 |label=<!--[[Johnson South Reef|Chiguo]]--> | mark  =Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=5 |lat=9.883333 |long=114.45 |label=<!--[[Hughes Reef |Dongmen]]--> | mark= Brown pog.svg}}
}}
<!--[[Sansha]]-->

A number of small islands, which are located hundreds of kilometers to the south, are claimed and administered by [[Sansha]] as part of Hainan Province.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hainan.gov.cn/code/V3/map |script-title=zh:电子地图 – 海南省人民政府网站 |publisher=Hainan People's Government |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805085902/http://hainan.gov.cn/code/V3/map/ |archive-date=5 August 2010 }}</ref> Sovereignty of these islands is however disputed. These islands include:

*[[Paracel Islands]] Xisha Islands – "The West-sands" – claimed by [[Vietnam]], the PRC and the [[Republic of China|Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC)]]
**[[Money Island, Paracel Islands]]
**[[Rocky Island, South China Sea]]
**[[Tree Island, South China Sea]]
**[[Triton Island]]
**[[Woody Island, South China Sea]]
*[[Zhongsha Islands]] – "The Middle-sands"
*[[Spratly Islands]] – Nansha Islands – "The South-sands" are subject to claims by Vietnam, the PRC, ROC, [[Malaysia]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Brunei]].
**[[Spratly Island]]
**[[Flat Island (Spratly)]]
**[[Taiping Island]]
**[[James Shoal]] (southernmost point)
**[[Loaita Island]]
**[[Namyit Island]]
**[[Nanshan Island]]
**[[Sin Cowe Island]]
**[[Thitu Island]]
**[[West York Island]]

===Environment===
Compared to most of mainland China, the air quality of Hainan is significantly better since it is not affected by factory pollution, which has adversely affected the air on the mainland. Throughout 2012, Hainan had the highest air quality in the country for 351 days.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The provincial government's environmental protection campaign has taken action against a number of industrial plants. During 2012, several outdated manufacturing facilities had their business licenses revoked, and 175 cases related to illegal sewage discharge were handled.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Total sulfur dioxide emissions for the province were 34,000 tons in 2012, a 3 percent year-on-year reduction. In 2011, smog emissions were reduced 6.3 percent to 15,000 tons.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Protected areas include the [[Yinggeling National Nature Reserve|Yinggeling]]-Limushan and [[Wuzhi Mountain|Wuzhishan]]-Diaoluoshan nature reserves.<ref name = oneearth/>

===Climate===
{{climate chart
| Hainan Island
| 17| 24| 22
| 18| 25| 25
| 20| 28| 39
| 23| 31| 91
| 25| 33| 187
| 26| 33| 193
| 25| 33| 252
| 25| 32| 297
| 24| 31| 308
| 23| 29| 279
| 21| 27| 91
| 18| 24| 48
| float=right
| clear=left
| source = <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 January 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-date= 10 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200510015442/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php}}</ref>
}}
The climate of Hainan is mostly tropical. The island's two largest cities, [[Haikou]] and [[Sanya]], both possess a [[Tropical climate|tropical Köppen climate]]. The annual average temperature ranges from {{convert|23|to|28|°C|°F}}, [[Haikou]] is {{convert|24.7|°C|°F}}, [[Sanya]] is {{convert|26.5|°C|°F}}. The coldest months are January when temperatures drop to {{convert|17|to|24|°C|°F}}; the hottest months are June and July, and the temperatures are {{convert|26|to|31|°C|°F}}. The daily average temperature in Hainan in all months is well above {{convert|10|°C|°F}}.

The summer in the northern part is hotter and, {{citation needed span|(for more than 20 days in a year, the temperature can be higher than {{convert|35|°C|°F}}|date=July 2014}})

<!--too much maritime moderation to be true-->. The average annual precipitation is {{convert|1500|to|2000|mm|in|sp=us}} and can be as high as {{convert|2400|mm|sp=us}} in central and eastern areas, and as low as {{convert|900|mm|sp=us}} in the coastal areas of the southwest. Parts of Hainan lie in the path of [[typhoon]]s, and 70% of the annual precipitation is derived from typhoons and the summer rainy season. Major flooding occurs due to typhoons, which can cause many problems for local residents.

====Annual fog====
From January to February, the island of Hainan is often affected by thick fog, particularly in coastal areas and the northern part of the island. This is caused by cold winter air from the north coming into contact with the warmer sea, causing the moisture that evaporates from the sea to be condensed into fog. The fog remains from day to night, and is evenly distributed. Visibility may be reduced to {{Convert|50|m||sp=us}} for days at a time. During this period, residents normally keep windows shut. The moisture in the air is so extreme that the walls in homes weep, and floors often accumulate a layer of water. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}