Editing Gurmukhi (section)

===Vowel diacritics===
{{Anchor|Vowels}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowel diacritics, with dotted circles representing the bearer consonant
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan="3" | Vowel !! colspan="2" | Transcription !! rowspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] || rowspan="2" | Closest English equivalent
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Ind.
! Dep.
! with /k/
! Name
! [[Punjabi grammar|Usage]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਅ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:14px" align="center" | (none)
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕ
| ''mukḁ̆tā''<br />ਮੁਕਤਾ    || ''a'' || {{IPAblink|ə}} || like '''''a''''' in '''''a'''bout''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਆ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਾ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕਾ
| ''kannā''<br />ਕੰਨਾ    || ''ā'' || {{IPAblink|aː}}~{{IPAblink|äː}}  || like '''''a''''' in ''c'''a'''r''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਇ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਿ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕਿ
| ''siā̀rī''<br />ਸਿਹਾਰੀ   || ''i'' || {{IPAblink|ɪ}} || like '''''i''''' in '''''i'''t''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਈ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੀ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੀ
| ''biā̀rī''<br />ਬਿਹਾਰੀ   || ''ī'' || {{IPAblink|iː}} || like '''''i''''' in ''l'''i'''tre''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center"| ਉ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center"| ੁ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center"| ਕੁ
| ''auṅkaṛă''<br />ਔਂਕੜ    || ''u'' || {{IPAblink|ʊ}} || like '''''u''''' in ''p'''u'''t''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਊ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੂ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੂ
| ''dulaiṅkaṛă''<br />ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ || ''ū'' || {{IPAblink|uː}} || like '''''u''''' in ''spr'''u'''ce''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਏ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੇ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੇ
| ''lā̃/lāvā̃''<br />ਲਾਂ/ਲਾਵਾਂ    || ''ē'' || {{IPAblink|eː}} || like '''''e''''' in ''Chil'''e'''''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਐ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੈ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੈ
| ''dulāvā̃''<br />ਦੁਲਾਵਾਂ   || ''ai'' || {{IPAblink|ɛː}}~[{{IPA|əi}}] || like '''''e''''' in ''s'''e'''ll''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਓ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੋ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੋ
| ''hōṛā''<br />ਹੋੜਾ     || ''ō'' || {{IPAblink|oː}} || like '''''o''''' in ''m'''o'''re''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਔ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੌ
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੌ
| ''kanauṛā''<br />ਕਨੌੜਾ   || ''au'' || {{IPAblink|ɔː}}~[{{IPA|əu}}] || like '''''o''''' in '''''o'''ff''
|}
To express [[vowels]] (singular, ''sură''), Gurmukhī, as an [[abugida]], makes use of obligatory [[diacritics]] called ''lagā̃''.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}} Gurmukhī is similar to [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] scripts in that all consonants are followed by an inherent [[schwa]] sound. This inherent vowel sound can be changed by using dependent vowel signs which attach to a bearing consonant.<ref name="Bright1996"/> In some cases, dependent vowel signs cannot be used&nbsp;– at the beginning of a word or syllable<ref name="Bright1996"/> for instance&nbsp;– and so an independent vowel character is used instead.

Independent vowels are constructed using the three vowel-bearing characters:<ref name="Bright1996"/> ੳ ''ūṛā'' , ਅ ''aiṛā'', and ੲ ''īṛī''.{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=626}}  With the exception of ''aiṛā'' (which in isolation represents the vowel {{IPAblink|ə}}), the bearer vowels are never used without additional vowel diacritics.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}}

Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to. Thus, ''siā̀rī'' is always written to the left, but pronounced after the character on the right.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}} When constructing the independent vowel for {{IPAblink|oː}}, ''ūṛā'' takes an irregular form instead of using the usual ''hōṛā''.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}}{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=626}}

====Orthography====
Gurmukhi orthography prefers vowel sequences over the use of [[semivowels]] ("y" or "w") intervocally and in [[syllable nuclei]],{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=597}} as in the words ਦਿਸਾਇਆ ''disāiā'' "caused to be visible" rather than ''disāyā'', ਦਿਆਰ ''diāră'' "cedar" rather than ''dyāră'', and ਸੁਆਦ ''suādă'' "taste" rather than ''swādă'',{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=100}} permitting vowels in [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]].{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=190}}

In terms of tone orthography, the short vowels [ɪ] and [ʊ], when paired with [h] to yield /ɪh/ and /ʊh/, represent [é] and [ó] with high tones respectively, e.g. ਕਿਹੜਾ ''kihṛā'' ({{IPA|pa|kéːɽaː}}) 'which?' ਦੁਹਰਾ ''duhrā'' ({{IPA|pa|d̪óːɾaː}}) "repeat, reiterate, double."<ref name="Bright1996"/> The compounding of [əɦ] with [ɪ] or [ʊ] yield [ɛ́ː] and [ɔ́ː] respectively, e.g. ਮਹਿੰਗਾ ''mahingā'' ({{IPA|pa|mɛ́ːŋgaː}}) "expensive", ਵਹੁਟੀ ''vahuṭṭī'' ({{IPA|pa|wɔ́ʈːiː}}) "bride."<ref name="Bright1996"/>