Editing Graphical user interface (section)

=== Early efforts ===
[[Ivan Sutherland]] developed [[Sketchpad]] in 1963, widely held as the first graphical [[computer-aided design]] program. It used a [[light pen]] to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics. In the late 1960s, researchers at the [[SRI International|Stanford Research Institute]], led by [[Douglas Engelbart]], developed the [[NLS (computer system)|On-Line System]] (NLS), which used text-based [[hyperlink]]s manipulated with a then-new device: the [[Computer mouse|mouse]]. (A 1968 demonstration of NLS became known as "[[The Mother of All Demos]]".)  In the 1970s, Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at [[Xerox PARC]] and specifically [[Alan Kay]], who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the [[Smalltalk|Smalltalk programming language]], which ran on the [[Xerox Alto]] [[computer]], released in 1973. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system.

The Xerox PARC GUI consisted of graphical elements such as [[window (computing)|windows]], [[menu (computing)|menus]], [[radio button]]s, and [[check box]]es. The concept of [[icon (computing)|icons]] was later introduced by [[David Canfield Smith]], who had written a thesis on the subject under the guidance of Kay.<ref name="MIT">Lieberman, Henry. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.125.4685&rep=rep1&type=pdf "A Creative Programming Environment, Remixed"], MIT Media Lab, Cambridge.</ref><ref name="Nader">Salha, Nader. [http://www.sierke-verlag.de/shop/index.php/aesthetics-and-art-in-the-early-development-of-human-computer-interfaces-648.html "Aesthetics and Art in the Early Development of Human-Computer Interfaces"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807092951/https://www.sierke-verlag.de/shop/index.php/aesthetics-and-art-in-the-early-development-of-human-computer-interfaces-648.html |date=2020-08-07 }}, October 2012.</ref><ref name="Pygmalion">Smith, David (1975). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Pygmalion.html?id=mihHAAAAIAAJ "Pygmalion: A Creative Programming Environment".]</ref> The PARC GUI employs a [[pointing device]] along with a keyboard. These aspects can be emphasized by using the alternative term and acronym for ''windows, icons, menus, [[pointing device]]'' ([[WIMP (computing)|WIMP]]). This effort culminated in the 1973 [[Xerox Alto]], the first computer with a GUI, though the system never reached commercial production.

The first commercially available computer with a GUI was the 1979 [[PERQ|PERQ workstation]], manufactured by Three Rivers Computer Corporation. Its design was heavily influenced by the work at Xerox PARC. In 1981, Xerox eventually commercialized the ideas from the Alto in the form of a new and enhanced system – the Xerox 8010 Information System – more commonly known as the [[Xerox Star]].<ref>[http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taouu/html/ch02s05.html The first GUIs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cn4vC80Pv6Q Xerox Star user interface demonstration, 1982]</ref> These early systems spurred many other GUI efforts, including [[Lisp machine]]s by [[Symbolics]] and other manufacturers, the [[Apple Lisa]] (which presented the concept of [[menu bar]] and [[Window manager|window controls]]) in 1983, the [[Apple Computer|Apple]] [[Macintosh 128K]] in 1984, and the [[Atari ST]] with [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]], and Commodore [[Amiga]] in 1985. [[Visi On]] was released in 1983 for the [[IBM PC compatible]] computers, but was never popular due to its high hardware demands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toastytech.com/guis/vision.html|title=VisiCorp Visi On|quote=The Visi On product was not intended for the home user. It was designed and priced for high-end corporate workstations. The hardware it required was quite a bit for 1983. It required a minimum of 512k of ram and a hard drive (5 megs of space).}}</ref> Nevertheless, it was a crucial influence on the contemporary development of [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaFAwSLi2GUC&pg=PA52|title=A Windows Retrospective, PC Magazine Jan 2009|publisher=Ziff Davis|date=January 2009}}</ref>

Apple, Digital Research, IBM and Microsoft used many of Xerox's ideas to develop products, and IBM's [[IBM Common User Access|Common User Access]] specifications formed the basis of the GUIs used in Microsoft Windows, IBM [[OS/2]] [[Presentation Manager]], and the Unix [[Motif (software)|Motif]] toolkit and [[window manager]]. These ideas evolved to create the interface found in current versions of Microsoft Windows, and in various [[desktop environment]]s for [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s, such as macOS and [[Linux]]. Thus most current GUIs have largely common idioms.
[[File:Apple Lisa Computer.jpg|thumb|An Apple Lisa (1983) demonstrating the Lisa Office System (LisaOS), which featured Apple Computer's first commercially available GUI]]