Editing Goguryeo (section)

===Revival and further expansion (300 to 390)===
[[File:Tbridge10.jpg|thumb|220px|Seated [[buddhahood|buddhas]] and [[bodhisattva]]s from Wono-ri, Goguryeo.]]
[[File:Korean crown-01.jpg|thumb|right|220px|A gilt-bronze crown from Goguryeo believed to have once adorned the head of a [[bodhisattva]] image.]]

In only 70 years, Goguryeo rebuilt its capital [[Hwando]] and again began to raid the Liaodong, Lelang and Xuantu commanderies. As Goguryeo extended its reach into the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], the last [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Chinese]] commandery at Lelang was conquered and absorbed by [[Micheon of Goguryeo|Micheon]] in 313, bringing the remaining northern part of the Korean peninsula into the fold.<ref>'Ki-Baik Lee', "A New History of Korea", 1984 Harvard University Press, page 20</ref> This conquest resulted in the end of Chinese rule over territory in the northern Korean peninsula, which had spanned 400 years.<ref name="Tennant">{{cite book|last1=Tennant|first1=Charles Roger|title=A History of Korea|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0710305329|page=22|url={{GBurl|id=Xn85nFTAX8EC|p=22}}|access-date=10 October 2016|language=en|quote=Soon after, the Wei fell to the Jin and Koguryŏ grew stronger, until in 313 they finally succeeded in occupying Lelang and bringing to an end the 400 years of China's presence in the peninsula, a period sufficient to ensure that for the next 1,500 it would remain firmly within the sphere of its culture. After the fall of the Jin in 316, the proto-Mongol Xianbei occupied the North of China, of which the Murong clan took the Shandong area, moved up to the Liao, and in 341 sacked and burned the Koguryŏ capital at Hwando. They took away some thousands of prisoners to provide cheap labour to build more walls of their own, and in 346 went on to wreak even greater destruction on Puyŏ, hastening what seems to have been a continuing migration of its people into the north-eastern area of the peninsula, but Koguryŏ, though temporarily weakened, would soon rebuild its walls and continue to expand.|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{GBurl|id=EazRC28tdIIC|p=3}}|title=Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|others=Translated by Robert E. Buswell|year=1991|isbn=978-0824814274|editor-last=Buswell|editor-first=Robert E.|edition=abridged|page=3|author=Chinul|access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> From that point on, until the 7th century, territorial control of the peninsula would be contested primarily by the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]].

Goguryeo met major setbacks and defeats during the reign of [[Gogugwon of Goguryeo|Gogukwon]] in the 4th century. In the early 4th century, the nomadic proto-Mongol [[Xianbei]] people occupied northern China;<ref name="Tennant" /> during the winter of 342, the Xianbei of [[Former Yan]], ruled by the [[Murong]] clan, attacked and destroyed Goguryeo's capital, Hwando, capturing 50,000 Goguryeo men and women to use as slave labor in addition to taking the Queen Dowager and Queen prisoner,<ref>{{cite book|title=Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen|author=Chinul|editor-first=Robert E.|editor-last=Buswell|others=Translated by Robert E. Buswell|edition=abridged|year=1991|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|url={{GBurl|id=EazRC28tdIIC|p=4}}|page=4|isbn=978-0824814274|access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> and forced Gogukwon to flee for a while. The Xianbei also devastated Buyeo in 346, accelerating Buyeo migration to the Korean peninsula.<ref name="Tennant" /> In 371, [[Geunchogo of Baekje]] killed Gogukwon in the [[Battle of Chiyang]] and sacked [[Pyongyang]], one of Goguryeo's largest cities.<ref name="World History P464">''Encyclopedia of World History'', Vol I, p. 464 Three Kingdoms, Korea, Edited by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, Mark F. Whitters, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-6386-4}}.</ref>

[[Sosurim of Goguryeo|Sosurim]], who succeeded the slain Gogukwon, reshaped the nation's institutions to save it from a great crisis.<ref name="Sosurim">{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000781|page=34|url={{GBurl|id=QFPsi3IK8gcC|p=34}}|access-date=10 October 2016|language=en|date=2012}}</ref> Turning to domestic stability and the unification of various conquered tribes, Sosurim proclaimed new laws, embraced [[Buddhism]] as the state religion in 372, and established a national educational institute called the ''Taehak'' ({{korean|hanja=太學|hangul=태학}}).<ref name="Lee">{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674615762|pages=38–40|url={{GBurl|id=g2mdVwXpMzwC|p=38}}|access-date=11 October 2016|language=en|year=1984}}</ref> Due to the defeats that Goguryeo had suffered at the hands of the Xianbei and [[Baekje]], Sosurim instituted military reforms aimed at preventing such defeats in the future.<ref name="Sosurim" /><ref name="William E. Henthorn' page 34">'William E. Henthorn', "A History of Korea", 1971 Macmillan Publishing Co., p. 34</ref> Sosurim's internal arrangements laid the groundwork for Gwanggaeto's expansion.<ref name="Lee" /> His successor and the father of [[Gwanggaeto the Great]], [[Gogugyang of Goguryeo|Gogukyang]], invaded [[Later Yan]], the successor state of Former Yan, in 385 and Baekje in 386.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:국양왕|url=http://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div=CP_THE&search_div_id=CP_THE004&cp_code=rp0703&index_id=rp07031366&content_id=rp070313660001&search_left_menu=|website=KOCCA|publisher=Korea Creative Content Agency|access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kings and Queens of Korea|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?No=10039591|website=[[KBS World Radio]]|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=24 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024215257/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?No=10039591|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Goguryeo used its military to protect and exploit semi-nomadic peoples, who served as vassals, foot soldiers, or slaves, such as the Okjeo people in the northeast end of the Korean peninsula, and the [[Mohe people]] in [[Manchuria]], who would later become the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]].<ref name="Tennant21">{{cite book|last1=Tennant|first1=Charles Roger|title=A History of Korea|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0710305329|pages=21–22|url={{GBurl|id=Xn85nFTAX8EC|p=21}}|access-date=10 October 2016|language=en|year=1996}}</ref>