Editing Gliwice (section)

==Demographics==

===Population development===
The earliest population estimate of Gliwice from 1880, gives 1,159 people in 1750.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_II/593|title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom II - wynik wyszukiwania - DIR|website=dir.icm.edu.pl|language=pl|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220160715/http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_II/593|archive-date=2013-12-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The same source cites population to have been 2,990 in 1810, 6,415 in 1838, and 10,923 in 1861. A census from 1858 reported the following ethnic makeup: 7,060 - [[Germans|German]], 3,566 - [[Polish people|Polish]], 11 - [[Moravians|Moravian]], 1 - [[Czechs|Czech]]. Since the [[Industrial Revolution]], Gliwice saw rapid economic growth which fuelled fast population increase. In 1890, Gliwice had 19,667 inhabitants, and this number has increased over twofold over the next 10 years to 52,362 in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de:80/gleiwitz.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208111950/http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/gleiwitz.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-12-08|title=Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Schlesien, Kreis Gleiwitz|date=2017-12-08|access-date=2018-10-07}}</ref> Gliwice gained its status of a large city (''[[:de:Großstadt|Großstadt]]'' in German) in 1927, when population reached 102,452 people.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1945, with the approaching Red Army, a significant number of residents were either evacuated or fled the city at their own discretion. Following the [[Yalta Conference]], Gliwice, along most of [[Silesia]], was incorporated into [[Polish People's Republic|communist Poland]], and the remaining German population was [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)|expelled]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} Ethnic Poles, some of them themselves [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|expelled]] from [[Kresy|the Polish Kresy]] (which were incorporated into [[Soviet Union]]), started to settle down in Gliwice.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

As of December 31, 2016, Gliwice's population stood at 182,156 people, a decrease of 1,236 over the previous year.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Nationality, ethnicity and language===
Historically, Gliwice was ethnically diverse, initially inhabited by [[Polish people|Poles]], later it had a [[Germans|German]] majority as a result of German [[Drang nach Osten|colonization]], with a significant autochthonous Polish minority. In the [[Upper Silesia plebiscite|Upper Silesian Plebiscite]] in 1921, 78.9 percent of voters opted for Germany (however 15.1 percent of the vote in Gliwice was cast by non-residents, who are believed to overwhelmingly vote for Germany across the region). After Germany's defeat in World War II, the Germans either fled or were displaced to Allied-occupied Germany in accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]]. Polish inhabitants remained in Gliwice, and were joined by Poles [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|displaced]] from former [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]], including the city of [[Lviv|Lwów]] (Lviv),<ref name=ig>{{Cite web |url=https://infogliwice.pl/historia-gliwic/ |language=pl |title=Historia Gliwic |website=infogliwice.pl |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209113039/https://infogliwice.pl/historia-gliwic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Volhynia]], [[Polesie]], the [[Vilnius|Wilno]] region (Vilnius region) and the [[Grodno]] region. In addition, Poles from other regions of Poland, including the vicinity of [[Kielce]], [[Rzeszów]], [[Łódź]] or [[Poznań]], as well as Poles from other countries, settled in Gliwice.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} Many of these new inhabitants were academics from the [[Lviv Polytechnic|Lwów Polytechnic]] who created the [[Silesian University of Technology]].

According to the [[Polish census of 2011|2011 Polish Census]], 93.7 percent of people in Gliwice claimed Polish nationality, with the biggest minorities being [[Silesians]] (or both Poles and Silesians at the same time) at 9.7 percent (18,169 people) and Germans at 1.3 percent (2,525). 0.3 percent declared another nationality, and the nationality of 2.1 percent of people could not be established.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2011/nsp-2011-wyniki/struktura-narodowo-etniczna-jezykowa-i-wyznaniowa-ludnosci-polski-nsp-2011,22,1.html|title=Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski - NSP 2011|last=GUS|work=stat.gov.pl|access-date=2018-10-07|language=pl-pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717154121/http://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2011/nsp-2011-wyniki/struktura-narodowo-etniczna-jezykowa-i-wyznaniowa-ludnosci-polski-nsp-2011,22,1.html|archive-date=2018-07-17|url-status=live}}</ref> These numbers do not sum up to 100 percent as responders were allowed to choose up to two nationalities. The most common languages used at home were [[Polish language|Polish]] (97.7 percent), [[Silesian ethnolect|Silesian]] (2.3 percent), [[German language|German]] (0.7 percent) and [[English language|English]] (0.4 percent).<ref name=":1" />

===Religion===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| caption_align     = center
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 320
| header            = Selected historic churches of Gliwice
| image1            = Kościół katedralny pw. świętych Apostołów Piotra i Pawła (BUCHMANN).JPG
| image2            = Gliwice_Szobiszowice_church.jpg
| image3            = Kościół_parafialny_Wszystkich_Świętych_w_Gliwicach.JPG
| image4            = Były_kościół_ewangelicki_-_obecnie_kościół_garnizonowy_pod_wezwaniem_świętej_Barbary_2_(BUCHMANN).JPG
| caption1          = [[Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Gliwice|Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral]]
| caption2          = Saint Bartholomew Church
| caption3          = All Saints church
| caption4          = Saint Barbara Church
}}

Except for a short period immediately after [[Reformation]], Gliwice has always had a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] majority, with sizeable Protestant and Jewish minorities. According to the population estimate in 1861, 7,476 people (68.4 percent) were [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], 1,555 (14.2 percent) [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and 1,892 [[Jews|Jewish]] (17.3 percent, highest share in city history).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/100-demografia/20735-demografia|title=Demografia {{!}} Wirtualny Sztetl|website=sztetl.org.pl|language=pl|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008062803/https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/100-demografia/20735-demografia|archive-date=2018-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currently, as of 2011 census, 84.7 percent of inhabitants claim they belong to a religion. The majority &ndash; 82.73 percent &ndash; belongs to the Catholic Church. This is significantly lower than the Polish average, which is 89.6 and 88.3 percent, respectively. According to the [[Catholic Church in Poland]], weekly mass attendance in the Diocese of Gliwice is at 36.7 percent of obliged, on par with Polish average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iskk.pl/images/stories/Instytut/dokumenty/Annuarium_Statisticum_2018.pdf|title=Annuarium Statisticum 2018, p. 34|date=2018-10-07|website=Instytut Statystyki Kościoła Katolickiego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831200506/http://iskk.pl/images/stories/Instytut/dokumenty/Annuarium_Statisticum_2018.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-31|url-status=live}}</ref> Other larger denominations include [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.56 percent or 1,044 adherents) and [[Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland|Protestants]] (0.37 percent or 701 adherents).<ref name=":1" />{{Historical populations|1950|119968|1960|135300|1970|172000|1980|197467|1990|214202|2000|205092|2010|195472|2020|177049|footnote=source <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Gliwice | title=Gliwice (śląskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia | access-date=2022-06-10 | archive-date=2022-06-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610083400/https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Gliwice | url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Gliwice is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gliwice]], which has 23 parish churches in the city. Gliwice is also the seat of one of the three [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Church]] parishes in Poland (the other being in [[Warsaw]] and [[Gdańsk]]), which is subject to the [[Holy See]] directly. Other denominations present in the city include a [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic Church]] parish, an [[Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland|Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession]] parish, a [[Methodism|Methodist]] parish, 9 [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah Witnesses]] halls (including one offering English-language services), several [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] churches, a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple and a [[Judaism|Jewish]] prayer house.

====Jews in Gliwice====
Gliwice's Jewish population reached its height in 1929 at approximately 2,200 people, but started to decline in the late 1930s, as the [[Nazi Party]] gained power in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], of which Gliwice was then a part. In 1933, there were 1,803 Jews living in the city; this number had dropped by half (to 902) by 1939 due to emigration.<ref name="Jewish Community in Gliwice">{{cite web |title=Jewish Community in Gliwice |url=https://www.yerusha-search.eu/viewer/metadata/UOW-0359/1/ |website=-: Jewish Community in Gliwice, -: - -. |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=de |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926113342/https://www.yerusha-search.eu/viewer/metadata/UOW-0359/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1933 and 1937, Jews living in Upper Silesia enjoyed somewhat less [[Nuremberg Laws|legal persecution]] compared to Jews in other parts of Germany, thanks to the Polish-German Treaty of Protection of Minorities' Rights in Upper Silesia. This regional exception was granted thanks to the [[Bernheim petition]] that Gliwice citizen Franz Bernheim filed against [[Nazi Germany]] with the [[League of Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bernheim-petition|title=Bernheim Petition|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022818/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bernheim-petition|archive-date=2018-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Brugel|first=J.W.|date=July 1983|title=The Bernheim petition: A challenge to Nazi Germany in 1933|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=17|issue=3|pages=17–25|doi=10.1080/0031322x.1983.9969715|issn=0031-322X}}</ref> The [[New Synagogue, Gliwice|New Synagogue]] was destroyed in 1938 during the Nazi November pogroms known as [[Kristallnacht]]. During [[the Holocaust]], Jews from Gliwice were transported to [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] in 1942 and 1943.<ref name="Jewish Community in Gliwice"/>

Only 25 Jews from Gliwice's pre-war Jewish population survived World War II in the city, all of them being in mixed marriages with gentiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/99-historia-spolecznosci/137296-historia-spolecznosci#footnote81_j8us6rp|title=Historia społeczności {{!}} Wirtualny Sztetl|website=sztetl.org.pl|language=pl|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904230916/https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/99-historia-spolecznosci/137296-historia-spolecznosci#footnote81_j8us6rp|archive-date=2019-09-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Immediately after the war, Gliwice became a congregation point for Jews who had survived [[the Holocaust]], with the Jewish population standing at around a 1,000 people in 1945. Since then, the number of Jews in Gliwice has declined as survivors moved to larger cities or emigrated to [[Israel]], the [[United States]], and other western countries.<ref name=":2" /> Currently, Gliwice's Jewish community is estimated at around 25 people and is part of the Katowice Jewish Religious Community.

Gliwice has one [[:pl:Synagoga w Gliwicach|Jewish prayer house]], where religious services are held every [[Sabbath]] and on holidays. It is located in the house that the Jewish Religious Community elected in 1905.

Notable members of the Jewish community in Gliwice include:
* [[Wilhelm Freund]] (1806–1894), philologist and director of the Jewish school.
* [[Oscar Troplowitz]] (1863–1918), German pharmacist, owner of [[Beiersdorf|Beiersdorf AG]] and inventor of [[Nivea|Nivea skin cream]].
* [[Eugen Goldstein]] (1850–1930), German physicist, discoverer of anode rays, sometimes credited for the discovery of the proton.
* [[Julian Kornhauser]] (b. 1946), Polish poet and father of current [[First Lady of Poland|first lady]] [[Agata Kornhauser-Duda]], born in Gliwice to a Jewish father and Polish Silesian mother from [[Chorzów]].