Editing George Sand (section)

==Career and politics==
Sand's first literary efforts were collaborations with the writer [[Jules Sandeau]]. They published several stories together, signing them Jules Sand. Sand's first published novel ''Rose et Blanche'' (1831) was written in collaboration with Sandeau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=J. Sand : Rose et Blanche|url=http://george.sand.pagesperso-orange.fr/FL62.html|website=george.sand.pagesperso-orange.fr}}</ref> She subsequently adopted, for her first independent novel, ''Indiana'' (1832), the [[pen name]] that made her famous – George Sand.{{Sfn|Bédé|1986|p=218}}[[File:George Sand.jpg|thumb|George Sand by [[Charles Louis Gratia]] ({{circa|1835}})|left|228x228px]]

By the age of 27, Sand was Europe's most popular writer of either gender,<ref name="Eisler 2018">{{cite news |last1=Eisler |first1=Benita |date=8 June 2018 |title='George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-sand-review-monstre-sacre-1528489494 |access-date=6 November 2018 |work=WSJ}}</ref> more popular than both [[Victor Hugo]] and [[Honoré de Balzac]] in England in the 1830s and 1840s,<ref name="Thomson 1972" /> and she remained immensely popular as a writer throughout her lifetime and long after her death. Early in her career, her work was in high demand; by 1836, the first of several compendia of her writings was published in 24 volumes.<ref name="Colloques">{{Cite book | url=https://books.openedition.org/puc/9852?lang=en | isbn=978-2841338023| title=George Sand : Pratiques et imaginaires de l'écriture| pages=381–393| chapter=L'Édition complète des œuvres de George Sand "&nbsp;chaos pour le lecteur&nbsp;" ou essai de poétique éditoriale| publisher=Presses universitaires de Caen| date=30 March 2017| series=Colloques de Cerisy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.culture.leclerc/livre-u/litterature-u/romans-u/litterature-francaise-u/-9782745345370-pr#divdetaille | title=Oeuvres complètes &#124; George Sand &#124; sous la direction de Béatrice Didier &#124; 1836–1837|website=Culture.leclerc}}</ref> In total, four separate editions of her "Complete Works" were published during her lifetime. In 1880, her children sold the rights to her literary estate for 125,000 Francs<ref name="Colloques" /> (equivalent to 36&nbsp;kg worth of gold, or 1.3 million dollars in 2015 USD<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html | title=Historical Currency Converter|website=Historicalstatistics.org}}</ref>).

Drawing from her childhood experiences of the countryside, Sand wrote the [[Pastoral Literature|pastoral]] novels ''[[La Mare au Diable]]'' (1846), ''François le Champi'' (1847–1848), ''[[La Petite Fadette]]'' (1849), and ''[[Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Doré]]'' (1857).<ref>{{cite book|last=Kristeva|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Kristeva|title=Proust and the Sense of Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdXxSnKwOXwC&pg=PA35|year=1993|publisher=Columbia UP|isbn=978-0-231-08478-9|page=35}}</ref> ''A Winter in Majorca'' described the period that she and Chopin spent on that island from 1838 to 1839. Her other novels include ''[[Indiana (novel)|Indiana]]'' (1832), ''Lélia'' (1833), ''[[Mauprat (novel)|Mauprat]]'' (1837), ''Le Compagnon du Tour de France'' (1840), ''[[Consuelo (novel)|Consuelo]]'' (1842–1843), and ''Le Meunier d'Angibault'' (1845).

Theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces include ''Histoire de ma vie'' (1855), ''Elle et Lui'' (1859, about her affair with Musset), ''Journal Intime'' (posthumously published in 1926), and ''Correspondence''. Sand often performed her theatrical works in her small private theatre at the Nohant estate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-01 |title=Nohant: Visit the Country Home of Author George Sand |url=https://francetoday.com/travel/travel-features/nohant_visit_the_country_home_of_author_george_sand/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=France Today}}</ref>

===Political views===
Sand also wrote [[literary criticism]] and political texts. In her early life, she sided with the poor and working class as well as championing [[women's rights]]. When the [[French Revolution of 1848|1848 Revolution]] began, she was an ardent republican. Sand started her own newspaper, published in a workers' co-operative.{{Sfn | Paintault | Cerf | 2004}}

Politically, she became very active after 1841 and the leaders of the day often consulted with her and took her advice. She was a member of the provisional government of 1848, issuing a series of fiery manifestos. While many Republicans were imprisoned or went to exile after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état of December 1851, she remained in France, maintained an ambiguous relationship with the new regime, and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences for her friends.<ref name="Eisler 2018" />

Sand was known for her implication and writings during the [[Paris Commune]] of 1871, where she took a position for the Versailles assembly against the [[communards]], urging them to take violent action against the rebels.<ref>{{Citation|last=Guillemin|first=Henri|title=Les archives de la RTS|url=https://www.rts.ch/archives/dossiers/henri-guillemin/3477764-la-commune-de-paris.html|contribution=La Commune de Paris|place=Switzerland|publisher=RTS|date=13 August 2009}}</ref> She was appalled by the violence of the Paris Commune, writing, "The horrible adventure continues. They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. They have taken over all the city halls, all the public establishments, they're pillaging the munitions and the food supplies."<ref>{{harvnb|Sand}}, edited by Pivot, Sylvain (2003)</ref>