Editing Geordie (section)

==Phonology==
{{IPA notice|section}}
The phonemic notation used in this article is based on the set of symbols used by {{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003}}. Other scholars may use different transcriptions. Watt and Allen stated that there were approximately 800,000 people in the early 2000s who spoke this form of British English.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231854084_Tyneside_English Tyneside English]</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A8D7536DC9832732B0BEDD66E79A1878/S0025100303001397a.pdf/tyneside_english.pdf Tyneside English, Dominic Watt and William Allen]</ref>

<blockquote>Tyneside English (TE) is spoken in Newcastle upon Tyne, a city of around 260,000 inhabitants in the far north of England, and in the conurbation stretching east and south of Newcastle along the valley of the River Tyne as far as the North Sea. The total population of this conurbation, which also subsumes Gateshead, Jarrow, North and South Shields, Whitley Bay, and Tynemouth, exceeds 800,000.</blockquote>

===Consonants===
Geordie [[consonant]]s generally follow those of [[Received Pronunciation]], with these unique characteristics as follows:

* {{IPA|/ɪŋ/}} appearing in an unstressed final syllable of a word (such as in ''reading'') is pronounced as {{IPA|[ən]}} (thus, ''reading'' is {{IPA|[ˈɹiːdən]}}).
* The Geordie accent does not use the glottal stop in a usual fashion. It is characterised by a unique type of glottal stops. {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} can all be pronounced simultaneously with a glottal stop after them in Geordie, both at the end of a syllable and sometimes before a weak vowel.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=374}}
** [[T-glottalization|T-glottalisation]], in which {{IPA|/t/}} is realised by {{IPA|[ʔ]}} before a syllabic nasal (e.g., ''button'' as {{IPA|[ˈbʊtʔn̩]}}), in absolute final position (''get'' as {{IPA|[ɡɛtʔ]}}), and whenever the {{IPA|/t/}} is intervocalic so long as the latter vowel is not stressed (''pity'' as {{IPA|[ˈpɪtʔi]}}).
** Glottaling in Geordie is known as 'pre-glottalisation', which is "an occlusion at the appropriate place of articulation and 'glottalisation', usually manifested as a short period of laryngealised voice before and/or after and often also during the stop gap".{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}} This type of glottal is unique to Tyneside English.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Glottal variants of (t) in the Tyneside variety of English: an acoustic profiling study|last1=Docherty |last2=Foulkes |first1=Gerard |first2=Paul Foulkes |title=A Figure of Speech – a Festschrift for John Laver|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum |year=2005 |editor1-last=Hardcastle |editor1-first=William |editor2=Janet Beck |location=London |pages=173–199}}</ref>
* Other [[voiceless]] [[stop consonant|stops]], {{IPA|/p, k/}}, are glottally reinforced in medial position, and [[preaspiration|preaspirated]] in final position.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}
* The dialect is [[non-rhotic]] like most other dialects of England, with {{IPA|/r/}} being realised most commonly as an alveolar approximant {{IPAblink|ɹ}}, although a labiodental realisation {{IPAblink|ʋ}} is additionally growing in prevalence among younger females. (This variant is also possible, albeit rarer, in the speech of older males.) Traditionally, [[intrusive R]] was not present in Geordie, with speakers instead glottalising between boundaries; however, it is present in newer varieties of the dialect.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}
* [[Yod-coalescence|''Yod''-coalescence]] in both stressed and unstressed syllables (so that ''dew'' becomes {{IPA|[dʒɵʊ]}}).
* {{IPA|/l/}} is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the [[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|velarised allophone]] is absent. However, modern accents may periodically use {{IPA|[ɫ]}} in syllable final positions, sometimes it may even be [[L-vocalization|vocalised]] (as in ''bottle'' {{IPA|[ˈbɒʔʊ]}}).{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}

===Vowels===

[[File:Geordie vowel chart.svg|thumb|250px|[[Monophthong]]s of Geordie (from {{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}). Some of these values may not be representative of all speakers.]]

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Monophthongs of Geordie{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! colspan="2" | {{small|[[Roundedness|unrounded]]}}
! rowspan="2" | {{small|[[Roundedness|rounded]]}}
|-
! {{small|[[Short vowel|short]]}}
! {{small|[[Long vowel|long]]}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɤ|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|eː}}
| {{IPA link|øː}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link|ɛː}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɐ|ə}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|a}}
| ({{IPA link|aː}})
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɒː}}
|}

; Length
* For some speakers, vowel length alternates with vowel quality in a very similar way to the [[Scottish vowel length rule]].{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
* Vowel length is phonemic for many speakers of Geordie, meaning that length is often the one and only phonetic difference between {{Sc2|DRESS}} and {{Sc2|SQUARE}} ({{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}}) or between {{Sc2|LOT}} and {{Sc2|START/PALM}} ({{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɒː/}}).{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} If older or traditional dialect forms are considered, {{Sc2|TRAP}} ({{IPA|/a/}}) also has a phonemic long counterpart {{IPA|/aː/}}, which is mostly used in {{Sc2|THOUGHT}} words spelled with {{angbr|a}}, making minimal pairs such as ''tack'' {{IPA|/tak/}} vs. ''talk'' {{IPA|/taːk/}} (less broad Geordie pronunciation: {{IPA|/tɔːk/}}). Another {{IPAblink|aː}} appears as an allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before final voiced consonants in words such as ''lad'' {{IPA|[laːd]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=360, 375}}

; Phonetic quality and phonemic incidence
* {{Sc2|FLEECE}} and {{Sc2|GOOSE}}, {{IPA|/iː, uː/}}, are typically somewhat closer than in other varieties in morphologically closed syllables; {{IPA|/uː/}} is also less prone to fronting than in other varieties of BrE and its quality is rather close to the cardinal {{IPAblink|u}}. However, younger women tend to use a central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} instead.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} In morphologically open syllables, {{Sc2|FLEECE}} and {{Sc2|GOOSE}} are realised as closing diphthongs {{IPA|[ei, ɵʊ]}}. This creates minimal pairs such as ''freeze'' {{IPA|[fɹiːz]}} vs. ''frees'' {{IPA|[fɹeiz]}} and ''bruise'' {{IPA|[bɹuːz ~ bɹʉːz]}} (hereafter transcribed with {{angbr IPA|uː}} for the sake of simplicity) vs. ''brews'' {{IPA|[bɹɵʊz]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
** The {{sc2|HAPPY}} vowel is tense {{IPAblink|i}} and is best analysed as belonging to the {{IPA|/iː/}} phoneme.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=362, 376}}
* As with other Northern English varieties, Geordie lacks the [[Foot–strut split|{{sc2|FOOT}}–{{sc2|STRUT}} split]], so that words like ''cut'', ''up'' and ''luck'' have the same {{IPA|/ʊ/}} phoneme as ''put'', ''sugar'' and ''butcher''. The typical phonetic realisation is unrounded {{IPAblink|ɤ}}, but it may be hypercorrected to {{IPAblink|ə}} among middle-class (especially female) speakers.{{sfnp|Beal|2004|pp=121–122}}
* The long close-mid vowels {{IPA|/eː, oː/}}, in {{Sc2|FACE}} and {{Sc2|GOAT}}, may be realised as monophthongs {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|eː}}, {{IPAplink|oː}}]}} in open syllables or as opening diphthongs {{IPA|[ɪə, ʊə]}} in closed syllables. Alternatively, {{IPA|/eː/}} can be a closing diphthong {{IPA|[eɪ]}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} can be centralised to {{IPAblink|ɵː}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} The opening diphthongs are recessive, as younger speakers reject them in favour of the monophthongal {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|eː}}, {{IPAplink|oː}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɵː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Beal|2004|pp=123–124}}
** Other, now archaic, realisations of {{IPA|/oː/}} include {{IPAblink|aː}} in ''snow'' {{IPA|[snaː]}} and {{IPA|[aʊ]}} in ''soldiers'' {{IPA|[ˈsaʊldʒɐz]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
** Many female speakers merge {{Sc2|GOAT}} {{IPA|/oː/}} with {{Sc2|THOUGHT}} {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, but the exact phonetic quality of the merged vowel is uncertain.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
* {{Sc2|NURSE}}, {{IPA|/øː/}}, may be phonetically {{IPAblink|øː}} or a higher, unrounded vowel {{IPAblink|ɪː}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} An RP-like vowel {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} is also possible.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
** In older broadest Geordie, {{Sc2|NURSE}} merges with {{Sc2|THOUGHT}} {{IPA|/ɔː/}} to {{IPAblink|ɔː}} under the influence of a uvular {{IPAblink|ʁ}} that once followed it (when Geordie was still a rhotic dialect).{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}{{sfnp|Beal|2004|p=126}} The fact that the original {{IPA|/ɔː/}} vowel is never hypercorrected to {{IPAblink|øː}} or {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} suggests that either this merger was never categorical, or that speakers are unusually successful in sorting those vowels out again.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
* The schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} is often rather open ({{IPAblink|ɐ}}). It also tends to be longer in duration than the preceding stressed vowel, even if that vowel is phonologically long. Therefore, words such as ''water'' and ''meter'' are pronounced {{IPA|[ˈwɔd̰ɐː]}} and {{IPA|[ˈmid̰ɐː]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} This feature is shared with the very conservative (''Upper Crust'') variety of Received Pronunciation.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=283}}
** Words such as ''voices'' and ''ended'' have {{IPA|/ə/}} in the second syllable (so {{IPA|/ˈvɔɪsəz, ˈɛndəd/}}), rather than the {{IPA|/ɪ/}} of RP. That does not mean that Geordie has undergone the [[weak vowel merger]] because {{IPA|/ɪ/}} can still be found in some unstressed syllables in place of the more usual {{IPA|/ə/}}. An example of that is the second syllable of ''seven'' {{IPA|/ˈsɛvɪn/}}, but it can also be pronounced with a simple schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} instead. Certain weak forms also have {{IPA|/ɪ/}} instead of {{IPA|/ə/}}; these include ''at'' {{IPA|/ɪt/}} (homophonous with strong ''it''), ''of'' {{IPA|/ɪv/}} (nearly homophonous with ''if''), ''as'' {{IPA|/ɪz/}} (homophonous with strong ''is''), ''can'' {{IPA|/kɪn/}} and ''us'' {{IPA|/ɪz/}} (again, homophonous with strong ''is'').{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=376}}
* As in other Northern English dialects, the {{sc2|BATH}} vowel is short {{IPA|/a/}} in Geordie, thus there is no London-style [[trap–bath split]]. There are a small number of exceptions to this rule; for instance, ''half'',{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}} ''master'', ''plaster'' and sometimes also ''disaster'' are pronounced with the {{Sc2|START/PALM}} vowel {{IPA|/ɒː/}}.{{sfnp|Beal|2004|pp=122–123}}
* Some speakers unround {{Sc2|START/PALM}}, {{IPA|/ɒː/}}, to {{IPAblink|ɑː}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} Regardless of the rounding, the difference in backness between {{IPA|/ɒː/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} is very pronounced, a feature which Geordie shares with RP and some northern and midland cities such as Stoke-on-Trent and Derby, but not with the accents of the middle north.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=360, 375}}
* Older traditional Geordie does not always adhere to the same distributional patterns of vowels found in standard varieties of English. Examples of that include the words ''no'' and ''stone'', which may be pronounced {{IPA|[niː]}} and {{IPA|[stɪən]}}, so with vowels that are best analysed as belonging to the {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/iə/}} phonemes.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}

[[File:Geordie diphthong chart - part 1.svg|thumb|250px|Part 1 of Geordie [[diphthong]]s (from {{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}})]]
[[File:Geordie diphthong chart - part 2.svg|thumb|250px|Part 2 of Geordie diphthongs (from {{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}). {{IPA|/æʊ/|cat=no}} shows considerable phonetic variation.]]
{|  class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Diphthongs of Geordie{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 
! colspan="3" | Endpoint
|-
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Central}}
! {{small|Back}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Start point
! {{small|Front}}
| {{IPA|ɛɪ (aɪ)}} || {{IPA|iə}} || {{IPA|æʊ}}
|-
! {{small|Back}}
| {{IPA|ɔɪ}} || {{IPA|uə}} ||
|}

; Diphthongs
* The second elements of {{sc2|NEAR}} and {{sc2|CURE}}, {{IPA|/iə, uə/}}, are commonly as open as the typical Geordie realisation of {{IPA|/ə/}} ({{IPAblink|ɐ}}).{{sfnp|Beal|2004|p=126}}
* The first element of {{sc2|MOUTH}}, {{IPA|/æʊ/}}, varies between {{IPAblink|æ}}, {{IPAblink|ä}} and {{IPAblink|ɛ}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=375–376}} Traditionally, this whole vowel was a high monophthong {{IPAblink|uː}} (with ''town'' being pronounced close to RP ''toon'') and this pronunciation can still be heard, as can a narrower diphthong {{IPA|[əu]}} (with ''town'' being pronounced close to RP ''tone'').{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=376}}
* {{sc2|PRICE}} is {{IPA|/ɛɪ/}}, but Geordie speakers generally use a less common allophone for certain environments in accordance with the [[Scottish vowel length rule]], {{IPA|[äɪ]}}, which has a longer, lower, and more back onset than the main allophone. Thus {{IPA|[ɛɪ]}} is used in words such as ''knife'' {{IPA|[nɛɪf]}}, whereas {{IPA|[äɪ]}} is used in ''knives'' {{IPA|[näɪvz]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} For simplicity, both of them are written with {{angbr IPA|ɛɪ}} in this article.