Editing Funk (section)

====Bass guitar====
[[File:Bootsy Collins-04.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Bootsy Collins performing in 1996 with a star-shaped bass]]
Funk creates an intense [[Groove (popular music)|groove]] by using strong guitar riffs and [[bassline]]s played on [[electric bass]]. Like [[Motown]] recordings, funk songs use basslines as the centerpiece of songs. Indeed, funk has been called the style in which the bassline is most prominent in the songs,<ref>{{cite book|last = Archard|first = Chuck |title = Building Bass Lines|publisher = Alfred Music Publishing|date = 1998|isbn = 9780882849218}}</ref> with the bass playing the "hook" of the song.<ref name=Boomer25>Boomer, Tim; Berry, Mick. ''The Bassist's Bible: How to Play Every Bass Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco''. See Sharp Press, Jul. 1, 2009. p. 25</ref> Early funk basslines used syncopation (typically syncopated eighth notes), but with the addition of more of a "driving feel" than in New Orleans funk, and they used [[blues scale]] notes along with the major third above the root.<ref>Boomer, Tim; Berry, Mick. ''The Bassist's Bible: How to Play Every Bass Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco''. See Sharp Press, Jul. 1, 2009. p. 22</ref> Later funk basslines use sixteenth note syncopation, blues scales, and repetitive patterns, often with leaps of an octave or a larger interval.<ref name=Boomer25/>
[[File:Funky Slap Bass line.ogg|thumb|right|200px|This funky bassline includes percussive slapping, rhythmic ghost notes, and glissando effects.]]
Funk basslines emphasize repetitive patterns, locked-in grooves, continuous playing, and [[Slapping (music)|slap and popping]] bass. Slapping and popping uses a mixture of thumb-slapped low notes (also called "thumped") and finger "popped" (or plucked) high notes, allowing the bass to have a drum-like rhythmic role, which became a distinctive element of funk. Notable slap and funky players include [[Bernard Edwards]] ([[Chic (band)|Chic]]), [[Robert "Kool" Bell]], Mark Adams ([[Slave (band)|Slave]]), Johnny Flippin ([[Fatback Band|Fatback]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/johnny-flippin-mn0001326101|title=Johnny Flippin &#124; Credits|website=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=February 25, 2021}}</ref> and [[Bootsy Collins]].<ref name=Overthrow>Overthrow, David. ''Complete Electric Bass Method: Mastering Electric Bass''. Alfred Music</ref> While slap and funky is important, some influential bassists who play funk, such as [[Rocco Prestia]] (from [[Tower of Power]]), did not use the approach, and instead used a typical fingerstyle method based on [[James Jamerson]]'s [[Motown]] playing style.<ref name=Overthrow/> [[Larry Graham]] from [[Sly and the Family Stone]] is an influential bassist.<ref name=Dickens>Dickens, Bill "the Buddha"; Rock, Bobby. ''Funk Bass and Beyond''. Alfred Music Publishing, 2003</ref>

Funk bass has an "earthy, percussive kind of feel", in part due to the use of muted, rhythmic [[ghost note]]s<ref name=Dickens/> (also called "dead notes").<ref name=Overthrow/> Some funk bass players use electronic [[effects unit]]s to alter the tone of their instrument, such as "envelope filters" (an [[auto-wah]] effect that creates a "gooey, slurpy, quacky, and syrupy" sound)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/how-to-funk-up-your-bass-1 |title=How to Funk Up Your Bass |last=Berkowitz |first=Dan |date=14 January 2008 |website=premierguitar.com |publisher=Premier Guitar |access-date=9 April 2019 }}</ref> and imitate keyboard synthesizer bass tones<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dummies.com/art-center/music/bass-guitar/effects-pedals-for-your-bass-guitar/ |title=Effects Pedals for Your Bass Guitar |last=Pfeiffer |first=Patrick |website=dummies.com |publisher=Dummies |access-date=9 April 2019 }}</ref> (e.g., the [[Mutron]] envelope filter)<ref name=Boomer25/> and overdriven [[fuzz bass]] effects, which are used to create the "classic fuzz tone that sounds like old school Funk records".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.guitarinteractivemagazine.com/issues/issue-50/reviews/electro-harmonix-bass-blogger-bass-metaphors-and-bass-micro-synthesizer/ |title=Electro-Harmonix Bass Blogger, Bass Metaphors and Bass Micro Synthesizer |last=Veall |first=Dan |work=Guitar Interactive Magazine |access-date=9 April 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801000238/https://www.guitarinteractivemagazine.com/issues/issue-50/reviews/electro-harmonix-bass-blogger-bass-metaphors-and-bass-micro-synthesizer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other effects that are used include the [[flanger]] and [[bass chorus]].<ref name=Boomer25/> Collins also used a [[Mu-Tron#Mu-tron Octave Divider|Mu-Tron Octave Divider]], an octave pedal that, like the Octavia pedal popularized by [[Jimi Hendrix|Hendrix]], can double a note an octave above and below to create a "futuristic and fat low-end sound".<ref name="dearcangelis1">{{cite web |url=https://reverb.com/ca/news/the-essential-gear-of-parliament-slash-funkadelic |title=The Essential Gear of Parliament/Funkadelic |last=DeArcangelis |first=Christopher |date=6 January 2017 |website=reverb.com |publisher=Reverb |access-date=4 May 2019 }}</ref>