Editing French Indochina (section)

==== Early Vietnamese rebellions ====
{{Further|Cần Vương movement}}

While the French were trying to establish control over Cambodia, a large scale Vietnamese insurgency – the [[Cần Vương movement]] – started to take shape, aiming to expel the French and install the boy emperor [[Hàm Nghi]] as the leader of an independent Vietnam.<ref>Jonathan D. London <!-- isbn# needed -->''Education in Vietnam'', pg. 10 (2011): "The ultimately unsuccessful Cần Vương (Aid the King) Movement of 1885–89, for example, was coordinated by scholars such as [[Phan Đình Phùng]], [[Phan Chu Trinh]], [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Trần Quý Cáp]] and [[Huỳnh Thúc Kháng]], who sought to restore sovereign authority to the Nguyễn throne."</ref> Between 1885 and 1889, insurgents, led by [[Phan Đình Phùng]], [[Phan Chu Trinh]], [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Trần Quý Cáp]] and [[Huỳnh Thúc Kháng]], targeted Vietnamese Christians as there were very few French soldiers to overcome, which led to a massacre of around 40,000 Christians.<ref>Fourniau, ''Annam–Tonkin'', pp. 39–77</ref> The rebellion was eventually brought down by a French military intervention, in addition to its lack of unity in the movement.{{sfn|Brocheux|Hémery|2004|pp=57–68}}<ref>David Marr (1971) ''Vietnamese Anticolonialism'', pg. 68</ref><ref>Huard, pp. 1096–1107; Huguet, pp. 133–223; Sarrat, pp. 271–273; Thomazi, ''Conquête'', pp. 272–275; ''Histoire militaire'', pp. 124–125</ref>

Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after [[History of Vietnam during World War I|World War I]], but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain sufficient concessions from the French.