Editing Frankfurt (section)

===Frankfurt after the loss of sovereignty===
[[File:Courbet Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|''View of Frankfurt am Main'', including the [[Alte Brücke (Frankfurt)|Alte Brücke]] (Old Bridge), by [[Gustave Courbet]] (1858)]]
Frankfurt lost its independence following the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866, when Prussia annexed several smaller states, including the [[Free City of Frankfurt]]. The city was subsequently incorporated into the Prussian province of [[Hesse-Nassau]]. The occupation and annexation were widely regarded in Frankfurt as a grave injustice, yet the city retained its distinctly Western European, urban, and cosmopolitan character. The formerly independent towns of [[Bornheim (Frankfurt am Main)|Bornheim]] and [[Bockenheim (Frankfurt am Main)|Bockenheim]] were incorporated in 1890.

In 1914, the citizens founded the University of Frankfurt, later named [[Goethe University Frankfurt]]. This marked the only civic foundation of a university in Germany; today it is one of Germany's largest.

From 6 April to 17 May 1920, following military intervention to put down the [[Ruhr uprising]], [[French occupation of Frankfurt|Frankfurt was occupied by French troops]].<ref>[http://www.stadtgeschichte-ffm.de/service/chronik/chronik_5_2_e.html Chronology: Emergence of a Modern City 1866–1945] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085810/http://www.stadtgeschichte-ffm.de/service/chronik/chronik_5_2_e.html |date=19 July 2011 }}. Retrieved 10 June 2010.</ref> The French claimed that Articles 42 to 44 of the [[Treaty of Versailles (1919)|peace treaty of Versailles]] concerning the demilitarization of the [[Rhine Province|Rhineland]] had been broken.<ref>{{cite news |title=French march into Germany |date=7 April 1920 |work=The Times |page=10}} "The French commander issued a notice to the public informing them that the occupation was consequent upon the German advance in the Ruhr contrary to the Peace Treaty."</ref> In 1924, [[Ludwig Landmann]] became the first Jewish mayor of the city, and led a significant expansion during the following years. During the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi era]], the synagogues of the city were destroyed and the vast majority of the Jewish population fled or was killed.<ref name="frankfurt-tourismus.de">{{cite web |title=Jüdische Geschichte |url=https://www.frankfurt-tourismus.de/Entdecken-und-Erleben/Sehenswertes/Juedisches-Frankfurt/Juedische-Geschichte |website=frankfurt-tourismus.de |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171238/https://www.frankfurt-tourismus.de/Entdecken-und-Erleben/Sehenswertes/Juedisches-Frankfurt/Juedische-Geschichte |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[World War II]], Frankfurt was the location of a Nazi prison for underage girls with several [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1478|title=Frauenjugendgefängnis Frankfurt-Preungesheim|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 November 2023|language=de|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819053746/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1478|url-status=live}}</ref> a camp for [[Sinti]] and [[Romani people]] (see ''[[Romani Holocaust]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1473|title=Lager für Sinti und Roma Frankfurt am Main|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 November 2023|language=de|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819053659/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1473|url-status=live}}</ref> the Dulag Luft West transit camp for [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] prisoners of war,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=129|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref> and a subcamp of the [[Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html|title=Anlage zu § 1. Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos gemäß § 42 Abs. 2 BEG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423004151/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html|language=de|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-date=23 April 2009}}</ref>

Frankfurt was severely [[Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II|bombed in World War II]] (1939–1945). About 5,500 residents were killed during the raids, and the once-famous [[Altstadt (Frankfurt am Main)|medieval city center]], by that time one of the largest in Germany, was almost completely destroyed. It became a [[Battle of Frankfurt|ground battlefield]] on 26 March 1945, when the Allied advance into Germany was forced to take the city in contested urban combat that included a river assault. The [[5th Infantry Division (United States)|5th Infantry Division]] and the [[6th Armored Division (United States)|6th Armored Division]] of the [[United States Army]] captured Frankfurt after several days of intense fighting, and it was declared largely secure on 29 March 1945.<ref>{{Cite book |title=World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946 |last=Stanton |first=Shelby |edition=2nd |year=2006 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=9780811701570 |pages=57, 84}}</ref> Frankfurt consists to over 40% of buildings from before World War II, besides all destruction.<ref name="zensus2011.de">{{Cite web |url=https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |title=Gebäude- und Wohnungsbestand in Deutschland |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329165923/https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |archive-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

After the end of the war, Frankfurt became a part of the newly founded state of Hesse, consisting of the old [[People's State of Hesse|Hesse-(Darmstadt)]] and the [[Province of Kurhessen|Prussian Hesse]] provinces. The city was part of the [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany#American Zone of Occupation|American Zone of Occupation]] of Germany. The Military Governor for the United States Zone (1945–1949) and the United States High Commissioner for Germany (HICOG) (1949–1952) had their headquarters in the [[IG Farben Building]], intentionally left undamaged by the Allies' wartime bombardment.

Frankfurt was the original choice for the provisional capital city of the newly founded state of [[West Germany]] in 1949. The city constructed a parliament building that was never used for its intended purpose (it housed the radio studios of [[Hessischer Rundfunk]]). In the end, [[Konrad Adenauer]], the first postwar [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor]], preferred the town of [[Bonn]], for the most part because it was close to his hometown, but also because many other prominent politicians opposed the choice of Frankfurt out of concern that Frankfurt would be accepted as the permanent capital, thereby weakening the West German population's support for a [[German reunification|reunification]] with [[East Germany]] and the eventual return of the capital to [[Berlin]].

Postwar reconstruction took place in a sometimes simple modern style, thus changing Frankfurt's architectural face. A few landmark buildings were reconstructed historically, albeit in a simplified manner (e.g., [[Römer]], [[St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main|St. Paul's Church]], and [[Goethe House]]). The collection of historically significant [[Cairo Genizah]] documents of the Municipal Library was destroyed by the bombing. According to [[Arabist]] and Genizah scholar [[S.D. Goitein]], "not even handlists indicating its contents have survived."<ref>Goitein, S.D. ''A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Vol. I – Economic Foundations''. University of California Press, 2000, p. 5</ref>
{{multiple image
| align             = center
| caption_align     = center
| image1            = Frankfurt Nationalversammlung 1848.jpg
| width1            = 340
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = The Frankfurt Parliament at St. Paul's Church in 1848
| image2            = Frankfurt Am Main-Altstadt-Zerstoerung-Luftbild 1944.jpg
| width2            = 305
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = Aerial view of the cathedral in May 1945
| image3            = Frankfurt Am Main-Samstagsberg-20070607.jpg
| width3            = 365
| alt3              = 
| caption3          = Reconstruction (1981–1984) of six houses at the east side of the Römerberg which were destroyed in World War II
}}

The end of the war marked Frankfurt's comeback as Germany's leading financial hub, mainly because Berlin, now a city divided into [[History of Berlin#The divided city|four sectors]], could no longer rival it. In 1948, the Allies founded the [[Bank deutscher Länder]], the forerunner of {{lang|de|[[Deutsche Bundesbank]]|italic=no}}. Following this decision, more financial institutions were re-established, e.g. [[Deutsche Bank]] and [[Dresdner Bank]]. In the 1950s, Frankfurt Stock Exchange regained its position as the country's leading stock exchange.

Frankfurt also reemerged as Germany's transportation hub and [[Frankfurt Airport]] became Europe's second-busiest airport behind [[London Heathrow Airport]] in 1961.

During the 1970s, the city created one of Europe's most efficient underground transportation systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Port of Frankfurt |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/DEU_Port_of_Frankfurt_2769.php |website=World Port Source |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329121635/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/DEU_Port_of_Frankfurt_2769.php |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> That system includes a suburban rail system ([[Frankfurt S-Bahn|S-Bahn]]) linking outlying communities with the city center, and a deep underground light rail system with smaller coaches ([[Frankfurt U-Bahn|U-Bahn]]) also capable of travelling above ground on rails.

In 1998, the [[European Central Bank]] was founded in Frankfurt, followed by the [[European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority]] and [[European Systemic Risk Board]] in 2011.