Editing Francis I of France (section)

===Relations with the Americas and Asia===
[[File:Viaggioverrazzano.jpg|thumb|The voyage of [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] in 1524]]

Francis had been much aggrieved at the [[papal bull]] {{lang|la|[[Aeterni regis]]}}: in June 1481 Portuguese rule over Africa and the Indies was confirmed by [[Pope Sixtus IV]]. Thirteen years later, on 7 June 1494, [[Portugal]] and the [[Crown of Castile|Crown of Castille]] signed the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] under which the newly discovered lands would be divided between the two signatories. All this prompted Francis to declare, "The sun shines for me as it does for others. I would very much like to see the clause of Adam's will by which I should be denied my share of the world."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Canada Quebec 1534–2000 |last=Lacoursière |first=Jacques |publisher=Septentrion |year=2005 |isbn=978-2-89448-186-8 |location=Québec |page=28 }}</ref>

In order to counterbalance the power of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] under Charles V, especially its control of large parts of the [[New World]] through the Crown of Spain, Francis endeavoured to develop contacts with the New World and Asia. Fleets were sent to the Americas and the Far East, and close contacts were developed with the Ottoman Empire permitting the development of French Mediterranean trade as well as the establishment of a strategic military alliance.

The port city now known as [[Le Havre]] was founded in 1517 during the early years of Francis's reign. The construction of a new port was urgently needed in order to replace the ancient harbours of [[Honfleur]] and [[Harfleur]], whose utility had decreased due to silting. Le Havre was originally named ''Franciscopolis'' after the king who founded it, but this name did not survive into later reigns.

====Americas====
{{further|France-Americas relations}}

In 1524, Francis assisted the citizens of [[Lyon]] in financing the expedition of [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] to North America. On this expedition, Verrazzano visited the present site of [[New York City]], naming it [[New Angoulême]], and claimed [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] for the French crown. Verrazzano's letter to Francis of 8 July 1524 is known as the ''[[Cèllere Codex]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Destombes|first1=M.|date=1954|title=Nautical Charts Attributed to Verrazano (1525–1528)|journal=Imago Mundi|volume=11|pages=57–66|oclc=1752690|doi=10.1080/03085695408592059}}</ref>

In 1531, [[Bertrand d'Ornesan]] tried to establish a French trading post at [[Pernambuco]], Brazil.{{Sfnp|Knecht|1982|p=375}}

In 1534, Francis sent [[Jacques Cartier]] to explore the [[St. Lawrence River]] in [[Quebec]] to find "certain islands and lands where it is said there must be great quantities of gold and other riches".{{Sfnp|Knecht|1982|p=333}} In 1541, Francis sent [[Jean-François Roberval|Jean-François de Roberval]] to settle Canada and to provide for the spread of "the Holy Catholic faith."

====Asia====
{{further|France–Asia relations}}
[[File:Australia first map.jpg|thumb|An example of the [[Dieppe maps]] showing [[Sumatra]]. [[Nicholas Vallard]], 1547.]]

French trade with East Asia was initiated during the reign of Francis&nbsp;I with the help of shipowner [[Jean Ango]]. In July 1527, a French [[Normandy|Norman]] trading ship from the city of [[Rouen]] is recorded by the Portuguese [[João de Barros]] as having arrived in the Indian city of [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA61 |title=The English history of the British Empire |page=61 |access-date=23 August 2012|year=1940 |last1=Benians |first1=Ernest Alfred |last2=Newton |first2=Arthur Percival |last3=Rose |first3=John Holland }}</ref> In 1529, [[Jean Parmentier (explorer)|Jean Parmentier]], on board the {{lang|fr|Sacre}} and the {{lang|fr|Pensée}}, reached [[Sumatra]].<ref name="Cambridge"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlibHoeruDUC&pg=PA123 |title=European travellers in India |page=123 |access-date=23 August 2012 |isbn=978-81-206-0710-1 |last1=Oaten |first1=Edward Farley |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref> Upon its return, the expedition triggered the development of the [[Dieppe maps]], influencing the work of [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]] cartographers such as [[Jean Rotz]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7OuMkzGKw0C&pg=PA57 |title=Explorers and colonies: America, 1500–1625 |page=57 |date=1990 |access-date=23 August 2012 |isbn=978-1-85285-024-1 |last1=Quinn |first1=David B. |publisher=A&C Black }}</ref>

====Ottoman Empire====
{{further|Franco-Ottoman alliance|Orientalism in early modern France}}

Under the reign of Francis I, France became the first country in Europe to establish formal relations with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and to set up instruction in the [[Arabic language]] under the guidance of [[Guillaume Postel]] at the {{lang|fr|[[Collège de France]]|italic=no}}.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sl8fniRER4kC&pg=PA26 |title=Eastern wisdom and learning: the study of Arabic in seventeenth-century... |first=G. J. |last=Toomer |year=1996 |author-link=G. J. Toomer |pages=26–27 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-820291-2 }}</ref>

[[File:Francois I Suleiman.jpg|thumb|left|Francis I (left) and [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] (right) initiated a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]]. Both were separately painted by [[Titian]] {{circa|1530}}.]]

In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis came to an understanding with the Ottoman Empire that developed into a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]]. The objective for Francis was to find an ally against the [[House of Habsburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.org/details/ottomanempireitsmill |title=The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801–1922. Being a rev. and enl. ed. of The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913 |first1=William |last1=Miller |date=4 January 1923 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |via=Internet Archive }}</ref> The pretext used by Francis was the protection of the [[Christianity in the Ottoman Empire|Christians in Ottoman lands]]. The alliance has been called "the first nonideological diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian empire".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5iJ1tfLnnoC&q=%22Franco-Turkish+alliance%22&pg=PA62 |title=Kann |page=62 |year=1980 |access-date=23 August 2012 |isbn=978-0-520-04206-3 |last1=Kann |first1=Robert A. |publisher=University of California Press }}</ref> It did, however, cause quite a scandal in the Christian world<ref name="Miller, p.2">Miller, p. 2</ref> and was designated "the impious alliance", or "the sacrilegious union of the [French]&nbsp;[[Fleur-de-lis|Lily]] and the [Ottoman]&nbsp;[[Star and crescent|Crescent]]." Nevertheless, it endured for many years, since it served the objective interests of both parties.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkMHta3C7LUC&q=%22Franco-Turkish+alliance%22&pg=PA219 |title=Merriman|page= 133 |year=2007 |access-date=23 August 2012|isbn=978-1-4067-7272-2 |last1=Merriman |first1=Roger Bigelow |publisher=Read Books |author1-link=R. B. Merriman}}</ref> The two powers colluded against [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], and in 1543 they even combined for a joint naval assault in the [[siege of Nice]].

In 1533, Francis I sent colonel [[Pierre de Piton]] as ambassador to [[Morocco]], initiating official [[France-Morocco relations]].<ref>"Francois I, hoping that Morocco would open up to France as easily as Mexico had to Spain, sent a commission, half commercial and half diplomatic, which he confided to one Pierre de Piton. The story of his mission is not without interest" in ''The conquest of Morocco'' by Cecil Vivian Usborne, S. Paul & co. ltd., 1936, p. 33.</ref> In a letter to Francis&nbsp;I dated 13 August 1533, the [[Wattassid]] ruler of [[Fes|Fez]], [[Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad|Ahmed ben Mohammed]], welcomed French overtures and granted freedom of shipping and protection of French traders.