Editing François Duvalier (section)

===Foreign relations===
[[File:Duvalier.jpg|thumb|Duvalier greeting David Tercero Castro, ambassador of [[Guatemala]] to Haiti, in 1968]]
====United States====
His relationship with the United States proved difficult. In his early years, Duvalier rebuked the United States for its friendly relations with [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]] dictator [[Rafael Trujillo]] (assassinated in 1961) while ignoring Haiti. The [[Kennedy administration]] (1961–1963) was particularly disturbed by Duvalier's repressive and totalitarian rule and allegations that he misappropriated aid money, at the time a substantial part of the Haitian budget, and a [[U.S. Marine Corps]] mission to train the {{nowrap|Tonton Macoute}}. The U.S. thus halted most of its economic assistance in mid-1962, pending stricter accounting procedures, with which Duvalier refused to comply. Duvalier publicly renounced all aid from Washington on nationalist grounds, portraying himself as a "principled and lonely opponent of domination by a {{nowrap|great power".<ref name="Haggerty 1991"/>{{rp|234}}}}

Duvalier misappropriated millions of dollars of international aid, including US$15&nbsp;million annually from the United States.<ref name="Shaw 2005">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Shaw |first=Karl |trans-title=Power Mad! |title=Šílenství mocných |date=2005 |publisher=Metafora |location=Prague |language=cs |isbn=978-80-7359-002-4 |oclc=85144913}}</ref>{{rp|50–51}} He transferred this money to personal accounts. Another of Duvalier's methods of obtaining foreign money was to gain foreign loans, including US$4&nbsp;million from {{nowrap|Cuban dictator [[Fulgencio Batista]].<ref name="Shaw 2005"/>{{rp|47–48}}}}

After the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]] in November 1963, which Duvalier later claimed resulted from a curse that he had placed on Kennedy,<ref name="Murray 2008">{{cite journal |last=Murray |first=Rolland |date=2008 |title=Black Crisis Shuffle: Fiction, Race, and Simulation |journal=African American Review |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=215–233 |jstor=40301207 |quote=Haitian president François "Papa&nbsp;Doc" Duvalier infamously claimed that his [Vodou] curse on John&nbsp;F. Kennedy brought about the President's 1963 assassination.}}</ref> the U.S. eased its pressure on Duvalier, grudgingly accepting him as a bulwark against [[communism]].<ref name="Haggerty 1991"/><ref name="Smucker 1991">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Smucker |first=Glenn R. |title=Dominican Republic and Haiti |edition=2nd |series=Country Studies |date=1991 |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8444-0728-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli0000hagg/page/346 346–349] |chapter=Haiti: Government and Politics §&nbsp;Foreign Relations |editor-last=Haggerty |editor-first=Richard A. |issn=1057-5294 |url=https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli0000hagg/page/346 |lccn=91-9495 |oclc=23179347 |ol=1531915M |chapter-url=http://dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a242550.pdf#page=401 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress  }}</ref> Duvalier attempted to exploit tensions between the U.S. and [[Cuba]], emphasizing his [[anti-communist]] credentials and Haiti's strategic location as a means of winning U.S. support:
{{quote|Communism has established centres of infection ... No area in the world is as vital to American security as the Caribbean ... We need a massive injection of money to reset the country on its feet, and this injection can come only from our great, capable friend and neighbor the United States.<ref name="Abbott 1988">{{citation |mode=cs1 |title=Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy |date=1988 |last=Abbott |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Abbott |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-07-046029-4 |lccn=88016918 |oclc=18069022 |ol=2040347M |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/haitiduvaliersth00abbo }}</ref>{{rp|101}}}}
====Cuba====
After Fulgencio Batista (a friend of Duvalier)<ref name="Abbott 1988"/>{{rp|92}} was overthrown in the [[Cuban Revolution]], Duvalier worried that new Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]] would provide a safe haven for Haitian dissidents.

Duvalier enraged Castro by voting against the country in an [[Organization of American States]]&nbsp;(OAS) meeting and subsequently at the [[United Nations]], where a trade embargo was imposed on Cuba. Cuba answered by breaking off diplomatic relations and Duvalier subsequently instituted a campaign to rid Haiti of communists.<ref name="Štraus">{{citation |mode=cs1 |title=Biographies: François Duvalier (1907–1971) |last=Štraus |first=Stane |website=PolymerNotes.org |url=http://www.polymernotes.org/biographies/HTI_bio_duvalier.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711133408/http://www.polymernotes.org/biographies/HTI_bio_duvalier.htm |archive-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> This move severed [[Cuba-Haiti relations|Haitian relations with Cuba]] for 38 years until the two countries re-established relations in 1997.
====Dominican Republic====
Duvalier's relationship with the neighboring [[Dominican Republic]] was always tense: in his early years, Duvalier emphasized the differences between the two countries. In April 1963, relations were brought to the edge of war by the political enmity between Duvalier and Dominican president [[Juan Bosch (politician)|Juan Bosch]]. Bosch, a leftist, provided asylum and support to Haitian exiles who had plotted against the Duvalier regime. Duvalier ordered his Presidential Guard to occupy the Dominican Embassy in [[Pétion-Ville]], with the goal of arresting a Haitian army officer believed to have been involved in Barbot's plot to kidnap Duvalier's children. The Dominican president reacted with outrage, publicly threatened to invade Haiti, and ordered army units to the border. However, as Dominican military commanders expressed little support for an invasion of Haiti, Bosch refrained from the invasion and sought mediation through {{nowrap|the [[Organization of American States|{{abbr|OAS|Organization of American States}}]].<ref name="Greene 2001"/>{{rp|289}}}}
====Ethiopia====
In 1966, Duvalier hosted the [[Emperor of Ethiopia]], [[Haile Selassie&nbsp;I]], in what would be the only visit of a foreign head of state to Haiti under Duvalier.<ref name="Abbott 1988"/>{{rp|139}} During the visit, the two discussed bilateral agreements between their two nations and the economic shortcomings brought about by international pressure. Duvalier awarded Haile Selassie the Necklace of the Order of Jean-Jacques Dessalines the Great, and the emperor, in turn, bestowed upon Duvalier the Great Necklace of the [[Order of the Queen of Sheba]].<ref name="Abbott 1988"/>{{rp|139}}
====Nigeria and Biafra====
During the [[Nigerian Civil War]], Duvalier granted diplomatic recognition to [[Biafra]] during its war against [[Nigeria]], making Haiti one of few countries that recognized Biafra. Duvalier's decision to recognize Biafra was influenced by his anti-communist foreign policy and by Haiti's historical connection to the [[Igbo people]], the predominant ethnic group of Biafra.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dobronravin |first1=Nikolay |title=The Comintern, "Negro Self-Determination" and Black Revolutions in the Caribbean |journal=Interfaces Brasil/Canadá |date=28 September 2020 |volume=20 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.15210/interfaces.v20i0.19464}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Jeffrey E. |title=The Voodoo Encyclopedia: Magic, Ritual, and Religion |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=9781610692083}}</ref>