Editing Foreign relations of Syria (section)

===Europe===
{{Main|Syria–European Union relations}}
The [[Czech Republic]] and [[Austria]] were the only [[European Union]] countries which never closed its embasies in Damascus throughout the Syrian civil war.<ref name="euronews" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=LL |title=Österreich in Kontakt mit Syriens neuen Machthaber |url=https://www.heute.at/s/oesterreich-in-kontakt-mit-syriens-neuen-machthaber-120079956 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Heute.at |language=de}}</ref> [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]] re-established diplomatic relations with Syria and opened their embassies in 2021, making them the first [[European Union|EU]] countries to do so.<ref name="nationalinterest.org">{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/it-time-europe-reopen-its-embassies-syria-187822|title = Is It Time for Europe to Reopen Its Embassies in Syria?|date = 20 June 2021}}</ref> [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]] and [[Romania]] appointed a [[chargé d'affaires]] to their diplomatic missions in the country.<ref name="euronews"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/syria/about-ambassador_en?s=209 |title=About The Chargé d'Affaires of the European Union to Syria |publisher=Europa (web portal) |date=29 July 2021 }}</ref> In July 2024, [[Italy]] decided to re-establish relations with Syria, appoint its special envoy and chargé d'affaires to the country and reopen its embassy in Damascus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240726-italy-appoints-envoy-to-syria-to-turn-spotlight-on-country-fm-says/#amp_tf=Z%C2%A0dom%C3%A9ny%20%251%24s&aoh=17220008479094&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20240726-italy-appoints-envoy-to-syria-to-turn-spotlight-on-country-fm-says%2F|title=Italy appoints Envoy to Syria to 'turn spotlight' on country, FM says|publisher=Middle East Monitor|access-date=27 July 2024|date=26 July 2024}}</ref> Following the [[fall of the Assad regime]], [[Germany]] and [[France]] became the first European Union countries to visit Damascus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-french-foreign-ministers-meet-syrias-new-leaders/a-71207635 |title=German, French foreign ministers meet Syria's new leaders |publisher=DW |date=3 January 2024 }}</ref> On 16 January 2025, Spain reopened its Embassy in Damascus.<ref name="arabnews.com">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Spain raises flag at Damascus embassy after 12-year closure |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2586666/middle-east |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2025, Germany reopened its Embassy in Damascus.<ref name="nisreen">{{Cite web |last=nisreen |date=2025-03-20 |title=Germany reopens its embassy in Syria, 13 years after it was closed |url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=350179 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Syrian Arab News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| '''Country'''
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Austria}}||7 February 1952||{{small|See [[Austria–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1952.<ref name="auto9"/>
*Syria has an embassy in [[Vienna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.embassypages.com/syria-embassy-vienna-austria|title=Syrian Embassy, Vienna}}</ref>
*Austria has an embassy in Damascus since 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Österreich |first=Außenministerium der Republik |title=Bilaterale Beziehungen |url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/oeb-damaskus/bilaterale-beziehungen |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=www.bmeia.gv.at |language=de-AT}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belarus}}||26 August 1993||{{small|See [[Belarus–Syria relations]]}}
* The diplomatic relations between Belarus and Syria started on 26 August 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in Political Sphere |url=https://syria.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/political/#:~:text=The%20diplomatic%20relations%20between%20the,in%20Belarus%20–%20since%20July%202007. |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Syrian Arab Republic}}</ref>
* Syria has an embassy in [[Minsk]].
* Belarus has an embassy in Damascus. Belarusian diplomatic personnel were withdrawn from Syria on 15 December 2024.<ref>https://x.com/BelarusMFA/status/1868363622826594772</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belgium}}||20 March 1946||{{small|See [[Belgium–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1946 when has been appointed M.R. Taymans as Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Syria with residence in Beirut.<ref name="auto29"/>
*Syria has an embassy in [[Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mofaex.gov.sy/brussels-embassy/en/pages907/Legalization-of-invoices | title=Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic in Brussels }}</ref>
*Embassy of Belgium in [[Damascus]] was closed on 29 March 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belgium-syria-idUSBRE82S0SB20120329|title=Belgium closes its embassy in Syria|work=Reuters|date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||1 December 1994||
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa |url=https://mvp.gov.ba/vanjska_politika_bih/bilateralni_odnosi/datumi_priznanja_i_uspostave_diplomatskih_odnosa/?id=6 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}</ref>
* Syria is accredited to Bosnia from its embassy in [[Belgrade]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||24 August 1954||{{small|See [[Bulgaria–Syria relations]]}}
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878–2005) |url=http://filip-nikolov.com/files/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%2520%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%2520%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2588%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826071151/http://filip-nikolov.com/files/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.doc |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=filip-nikolov.com |language=bg}}</ref>
* Syria has an embassy in [[Sofia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syrianembassybg.org/ |title=Syrian embassy in Sofia }} {{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Since May 1955, Bulgaria has embassy in Damascus and an honorary consulate in [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.bg/damascus/ |title=Министерство на външните работи |publisher=Mfa.bg |access-date=9 October 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034600/http://www.mfa.bg/damascus/}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Croatia}}||29 August 1997||{{small|See [[Croatia–Syria relations]]}}
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=mvep.gov.hr}}</ref>
*Syria is represented in Croatia through its embassy in [[Budapest]] and its honorary consulate in [[Zagreb]].
*Croatia is represented in Syria through its embassy in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] and an honorary consulate in Damascus. 
*Diplomatic relations were terminated in 2012.<ref name=pusic>{{cite news|title=Vesna Pusić u Istanbulu na sastanku skupine Prijatelja Sirije |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/vesna-pusic-istanbulu-sastanku-skupine-prijatelja-sirije-clanak-393429 |newspaper=[[Večernji list]] |date=1 April 2012 |accessdate=6 December 2012}}</ref> 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cyprus}}||1 February 1962||
{{small|See [[Cyprus–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1962 when Cyprus has agreed to the appointment of Thabit al-Aris, as Syrian Ambassador to Cyprus.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWoSDG36GH4C&dq=Cyprus+government+has+agreed+to+appoint+Thabit+al-Aris+as+Syrian+Ambassador+to+Cyprus&pg=RA1-PP2 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 24–25 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1962 |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>
* Syria has an embassy in [[Nicosia]].
* Cyprus has an embassy in Damascus.
* Both countries re-established relations in 2021.<ref name="euronews">{{Cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2021/06/17/which-eu-states-are-rebuilding-diplomatic-relations-with-assad-s-syria|title=Which EU states are rebuilding diplomatic relations with Assad's Syria?|author=Sandrine Amiel|newspaper=[[Euronews]]|date=17 June 2021|accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref> 
*Syrian president [[Bashar al-Assad]] became the first Syrian head of state to visit Cyprus in November 2010, resulting in the signing of five agreements between the two countries and pledges to work closer together on issues of common interest. 
*Christofias awarded al-Assad the [[Order of Makarios III|Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III]], while the Syrian leader presented Christofias with the National Order of Ummayya with the Grand Sash.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120225130644/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/20F4043795FCB29FC22571E2001ED158/$file/Syria.pdf?OpenElement Cyprus Foreign Affairs: List of bilateral treaties with Syria]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}||20 September 1946 ||
*Syria and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavol Petruf |year=2007 |title=Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 |url=http://forumhistoriae.sk/sites/default/files/petruf_ceskoslovenska_zahranicna_politika.pdf |access-date=30 September 2023 |page=97 |language=sk}}</ref>
*Syria has an embassy in [[Prague]].
*Czech Republic has an embassy in Damascus.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Denmark}}||6 July 1953<br>(relations suspended 2012)||{{small|See [[Denmark–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1953 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Syria to Denmark with residence in Stockholm Jamal E. D. Farra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Stats Kalender 1954 |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/910764.pdf |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=slaegtsbibliotek.dk |page=[22] |language=da}}</ref>
*Syria is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in [[Stockholm]].<ref name="SyrScand"/>
*Denmark was represented in Syria through its embassy in Damascus until 2012, when relations between the two countries were severed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2022/1/11/how-Denmark-hard-line-Syrian-refugees-aid-group-ethical-dilemma|title=How Denmark's hard line on Syrian refugees is an aid group's ethical dilemma|website=theumanitarian. org|access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> 
* Following the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]] and subsequent attack on the Danish embassy in 2006, relations between the two countries were greatly strained.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Finland}}||22 May 1953
|
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 1953.<ref name="auto36"/>
*Syria is accredited to Finland from its embassy in [[Stockholm]].<ref name="SyrScand">{{cite web|url=http://www.syrianembassy.se/Engelska/index.htm|title=Syrian Embassy Stockholm|website=Syrianembassy.se|access-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218202151/http://www.syrianembassy.se/Engelska/index.htm|archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>
* Finland had an embassy in [[Damascus]] which closed in March 2012, and two honorary consulates in [[Aleppo]] and [[Latakia]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820172753/http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17339&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with Syria]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|France}}||18 June 1946||{{small|See [[France–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a etranger depuis 1945 |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/maep0035-0120_cle8a5377.pdf |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=diplomatie.gouv.fr |page=100 |language=fr}}</ref>
* Syria has an embassy in [[Paris]] and honorary consulates in [[Marseille]] and [[Pointe-à-Pitre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/conseils-aux-voyageurs/conseils-par-pays-destination/syrie/|title=REPRÉSENTATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES ET CONSULAIRES SYRIEN EN FRANCE|website=diplomatie.gouv.fr|access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref> 
* France had an embassy in Damascus and a consulate general in [[Aleppo]], both were closed on 2 March 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/syria/|title=Syria – Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs|access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>
*[[France]] was the first Western country to give recognition to the SOC on 13 November 2012.<ref name="Talmon">Stefan Talmon [https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article/12/2/219/315072 Recognition of Opposition Groups as the Legitimate Representative of a People], ''Chinese Journal of International Law'', Volume 12, Issue 2, 1 June 2013, Pages 219–253, https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmt014 Published: 5 May 2013</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Germany}}
|14 October 1952{{efn|Syria and Egypt formed together the [[United Arab Republic]] from 22 February 1958, to 28 September 1961. Syria regained its independence on 28 September 1961, and Egypt kept the name "United Arab Republic" until 1971.}} 
|{{small|See [[Germany–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1952.<ref name="auto31"/>
* Syria has an [[Embassy of Syria, Berlin|embassy in Berlin]] and honorary consulate in [[Bremen]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Syrien|url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/syrien-node/vertretungensyrien/204266|access-date=14 October 2022|language=de}}</ref>
* The German embassy in Damascus was reopened on 20 March 2025.<ref name="nisreen"/>
*Germany hosts the most [[Syrian refugees]] in the [[EU]].
*Relations were severed from 1965 to 1974 after Germany's establishing relations with Israel.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Greece}}||24 June 1947||{{small|See [[Greece–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Greece to Syria with residence in Cairo Mr. Georges Triandafyllides.<ref name="auto40"/>
* Syria has an embassy in [[Athens]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.syrianembassy.gr/ |title=Syrian embassy in Athens |access-date=25 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610192238/http://www.syrianembassy.gr/ |archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref>
* Greece has an embassy in Damascus.
* On 8 May 2020, the Greek Foreign Minister [[Nikos Dendias]] announced a restoration of relations between Greece and Syria and assigned former ambassador to Syria and Russia, Tasia Athanassiou, as a Special Envoy of Greece's Foreign Ministry for Syria.
*See [[Greeks in Syria]]
* [https://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/syria/  Greek Foreign Affairs Ministry about relations with Syria]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Holy See}}||21 February 1953||{{small|See [[Holy See–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of the Holy See |url=https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations}}</ref>
* Syria has an embassy in [[Rome]].
* The Holy See has a [[Apostolic Nunciature to Syria|nunciature]] in Damascus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dxxsy.html|title=Syria (Nunciature) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|author=David M. Cheney|access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref>
* At present, the Holy See has comparatively good relations with Syria. It has sought to foster ecumenism between rival Christian factions in [[Antioch]] and to ensure the survival of age-old Christian communities in the country. The declaration ''[[Nostra aetate]]'' has made possible inter-faith dialogue and cooperation with Syrian Muslims.
* Some Vatican leaders have also sought to foster greater political independence for [[Lebanon]], which has been tied to Syria since the end of the Lebanese civil war. This call for Lebanese independence has traditionally been resisted by Syrian leaders.
* John Paul II visited Syria in 2001 and was the first pope to have been to an Islamic mosque, the [[Umayyad Mosque]] in Damascus,<ref name="Mosque">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1316812.stm|title=Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour|last=Plett|first=Barbara|date=7 May 2001|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> which includes the relics of [[John the Baptist]].
* Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]] attended Pope John Paul II's funeral.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2952&dos=47&size=A|title=Assad Attended John Paul II's Funeral|website=asianews.it|date=4 April 2005}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Hungary}}||13 October 1954<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/bittersweet-friendships-relations-between-hungary-and-the-middle-east-1953-1988|title=Bittersweet Friendships: Relations between Hungary and the Middle East, 1953–1988 &#124; Wilson Center|website=wilsoncenter.org|date=5 November 2015 }}</ref>||{{small|See [[Hungary–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1954.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |title=Hungary |publisher=Pannonia Press |year=1969 |pages=100}}</ref>
*Syria has an embassy in [[Budapest]].
*Hungary has an embassy in Damascus and honorary consulates in [[Aleppo]] and [[Latakia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://konzinfo.mfa.gov.hu/en/embassies|title=SYRIA – EMBASSY, DAMASCUS|website=Hungary Consular Services|access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>
*Hungary sent diplomats to procure consular affairs in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1553061|title=Hungary to appoint Syria diplomat in thawing of ties|publisher=Arab News|date=19 September 2019|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ireland}}||18 July 1975
|
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Syria is represented in Ireland through its embassy in [[Paris]], France.<ref name="mofaex.gov.sy"/>
* Ireland is represented in Syria through its embassy in [[Cairo]], Egypt and an honorary consulate in Damascus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfa.ie/embassies/irish-embassies-abroad/middle-east-and-north-africa/ |title=Diplomatic and Consular Information for the Middle East and North Africa |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs of Ireland |access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Italy}}||27 September 1947||{{small|See [[Italy–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Syria Mr. Luigi Cortese.<ref name="auto30"/>
* Syrian embassy in [[Rome]] was reopened in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alwatanonline.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF/|title=
السفارة السورية في روما تعلن عن بدء تقديمها الخدمات القنصلية لأبناء الجالية السورية اعتباراً من اليوم الثلاثاء 2024/11/12}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/how-is-italy-dealing-with-syria-s-bashar-al-assad-56381|title=How is Italy dealing with Syria's Bashar al Assad?|first=Giorgio|last=Cafiero|website=How is Italy dealing with Syria's Bashar al Assad?}}</ref>
* Italian embassy in Damascus was reopened in 2024, after its closure at early stage of war in March 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://alwatan.sy/archives/410846|title=رافنيان: أبدأ عملي بحماس … القائم بأعمال سفارة إيطاليا يصل دمشق|publisher=Al Watan.sy|access-date=21 November 2024|date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="embassy close">{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Yoel |title=Saudi Arabia, Italy and Holland close embassies in Syria |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/saudi-arabi-italy-and-holland-close-embassies-in-syria/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
*In 2019, Italy announced it was considering re-opening its embassy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/7676|title=Thousands object to reopening of Italian embassy in Syria|website=italianinsider.it|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> and in July 2024 it decided to appoint an ambassador to Syria, the first such move since 2012. Italy is the first [[G7]] nation to restore diplomatic ties with Syria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/italy-appoints-ambassador-syria-turn-spotlight-country-foreign-minister-says-2024-07-26/ |title=Italy appoints ambassador to Syria to 'turn spotlight' on country, foreign minister says |work=Reuters|date=26 July 2024 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Moldova}}||20 May 1993||
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republica Arabă Siriană |url=https://mfa.gov.md/ro/content/republica-araba-siriana |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=mfa.gov.md |language=ro}}</ref>
* Syria is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in [[Bucharest]] and honorary consulate in [[Chișinău]].<ref>[https://mofaex.gov.sy/ar/embassies/#europe Syrian embassies in Europe]</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Netherlands}}||24 January 1952||{{small|See [[Netherlands–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1952 when Mr. Knoop Koopmans was accredited to Syria.<ref name="auto9"/>
*Syria is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in [[Brussels]].
*The Netherlands closed its embassy in Syria in March 2012.<ref name="embassy close"/>
|-
|{{Flag|Norway}}
|11 August 1948
|{{small|See [[Norway–Syria relations]]}}
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 1999 |title=Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=regjeringen.no |language=no}}</ref>
*Syria is accredited to Norway from its embassy in [[Stockholm]].<ref name="SyrScand"/>
*Norwegian embassy in Damascus was closed in March 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |author= Zondag, Martin Herman Wiedswang |title= – Indirekte er ambassadestenging et politisk signal |trans-title= – In an indirect manner, closing embassy is a political signal |url= http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8051130 |publisher= [[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|NRK]] |language= no |date= 26 March 2012 |access-date= 27 March 2012}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Poland}}||18 September 1945||
*Both countries established diplomatic relationbs on 18 September 1945.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Bogdan |last=Grzeloński |title=Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku |publisher=Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie |year=2006 |pages=127 |language=pl}}</ref>
* Syria has an embassy in [[Warsaw]].
* Poland had an embassy in Damascus which closed in July 2012 due to security reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Polska zamknęła ambasadę w Damaszku. Dyplomaci opuścili Syrię |url=https://tvn24.pl/swiat/polska-zamknela-ambasade-w-damaszku-dyplomaci-opuscili-syrie-ra267462-3504955 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=TVN24 |date=27 July 2012 |language=pl}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Portugal}}||19 February 1975||
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of Portugal |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/bilateral-relations/general-countries/syria-ing |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal}}</ref>
*Syria is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in [[Madrid]].
*Portugal is accredited to Syria from its embassy in [[Nicosia]].
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|{{flag|Romania}}||9 August 1955||{{small|See [[Romania–Syria relations]]}}
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of Romania |url=https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
* Syria has an embassy in [[Bucharest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=6043&idlnk=4&cat=6|title=Ministerul Afacerilor Externe|publisher=Mae.ro|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
* Romania has an embassy in [[Damascus]] and 2 honorary consulates in [[Aleppo]] and [[Latakia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=6341&idlnk=4&cat=6|title=Ministerul Afacerilor Externe|publisher=Mae.ro|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Russia}}||25 July 1944||{{small|See [[Russia–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1944.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKZBAAAAIAAJ&dq=ussr+and+syria+established+diplomatic+relations+29+July+1944&pg=PA30 |title=Soviet Political Agreements and Results, Revised to January 1, 1964 |publisher=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary |year=1964 |pages=30 |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>
*Syria has an [[Embassy of Syria in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].
*Russia has an [[Embassy of Russia, Damascus|embassy in Damascus]] and a consulate in [[Aleppo]].
*As with most of the [[Arab world|Arab countries]], Russia enjoys a historically strong and stable friendly relationship with Syria.
*Since 1971, Russia has leased port facilities in [[Tartus]] for its naval fleet. Between 1992 and 2008 these facilities were much in disrepair, however, works have commenced concurrent with the [[2008 South Ossetia war]] to improve the port's facilities to support an increased Mediterranean presence of the [[Russian Navy]].
*Russia is believed to have sent Syria dozens of Iskander missiles.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Paul Alster|title= Russians moving into Syria. Strategic alliance include fleet, missiles|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/when-it-comes-to-syria-russia-sends-missiles-mixed-signals/|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=22 December 2012 |access-date=10 March 2013}}</ref>
*Russia has been strongly supporting Syria in the [[Syrian civil war]], especially since the start of an [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war|air campaign in 2015]].
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|{{flag|Serbia}}||18 May 1946||{{small|See [[Serbia–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Yugoslavia to Syria Mr. Esref Badnjevic.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/syria-from-foreign-office-files/FO%20501_1/page/28/mode/1up?q=ambassador+credence+Lebanon |title=Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947 |publisher=Syria from Foreign Office files 1947–1956 |year=1947 |pages=34 |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>
*Syria has an embassy in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.embassypages.com/syria-embassy-belgrade-serbia|title=Embassy of Syria in Belgrade, Serbia}}</ref>
*Serbia has an embassy in Damascus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srbija-damask.org/English/index_english.html|title=Official presentation of the Republic of Serbia in Damascus – Syria|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> 
* Also, Syria is a member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and Serbia is an observer state.
*Serbia, as one of the few European states, is one of the close allies of the Syrian government.
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|{{flag|Slovakia}}||1 January 1993||
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mzv.sk/syria|title=Sýria &#124; Ministerstvo zahraničných vecí a európskych záležitostí SR}}</ref>
*Syria is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in [[Vienna]] and honorary consulate in [[Bratislava]].<ref>[https://www.syriaconsulate.sk/ Honorárny konzul Sýrskej arabskej republiky na Slovensku]</ref>
*Slovakia had an embassy in Syria until 2012, when it transferred it to Beirut for security reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/geopolitical-calendar-week-march-26-2012|title=Geopolitical Calendar: Week of March 26, 2012|work=Stratfor}}</ref> 
*In 2015, it was definitively moved to Beirut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/359884-zastupitelske-urady-slovenska-v-iraku-aj-syrii-koncia/|title=Slovak embassies in Iraq and Syria to be closed, moving to Lebanon.|work=Pravda.sk (Slovak)|date=28 June 2015}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Slovenia}}||25 August 1997||
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priznanja samostojne Slovenije |url=https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije_.pdf}}</ref>
*Syria is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in [[Vienna]].
*In November 2021, during a visit to the Syrian pavilion at [[Expo 2020]] in [[Dubai]], the ministerial delegation of Slovenia confirmed unofficially its interest in re-establishing relations with Syria.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=255857 | title=Slovenian delegation visits the Syrian pavilion at Expo 2020 Dubai|date=26 November 2021|access-date=28 May 2022|agency=Syrian Arab News Agency}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Spain}}||3 April 1948||{{small|See [[Spain–Syria relations]]}}
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1948.<ref name="auto45"/><ref name="auto57"/>
* Syria has an embassy in [[Madrid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embajada de Siria – Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=https://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Centro/Direcciones-y-telefonos/Embajada-de-Siria/?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=95b2f3216571c010VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=cac1d47ffee28010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=madrid.es |language=es}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in Damascus.<ref name="arabnews.com"/>
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|{{flag|Sweden}}||24 June 1947||{{small|See [[Sweden–Syria relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when with accredation of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Syria with residence in Cairo Mr. Widar Bagge.<ref name="auto40"/>
* Sweden has an embassy in Damascus and honorary consulate in Aleppo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/syria-damaskus/ | title=Embassy of Sweden Damascus, Syria }}</ref>
* Syria is represented in Sweden through its embassy in [[Stockholm]], Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syrianembassy.se/Engelska/index.htm|title=Syrian Embassy Stockholm|publisher=Syrianembassy.se|access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218202151/http://www.syrianembassy.se/Engelska/index.htm|archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Switzerland}}||1945||{{small|See [[Switzerland–Syria relations]]}}
*Syria has an consulate general in [[Geneva]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=Embassy of Syria in Geneva, Switzerland – Embassy n Visa |url=https://embassynvisa.com/embassy-of-syria-in-geneva-switzerland/,%20https://embassynvisa.com/embassy-of-syria-in-geneva-switzerland/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=embassynvisa.com}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*Switzerland closed its embassy in Damascus in 2012 for security reasons.<ref name="Eidgenössisches Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten EDA">{{cite web | title=Bilateral relations Switzerland–Syria | website=Eidgenössisches Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten EDA | url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/representations-and-travel-advice/syria/switzerland-syria.html | access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> 
* Switzerland has a humanitarian presence in Damascus since 2017, through an office that coordinates Swiss humanitarian activities in Syria. Although the embassy in Damascus is closed, diplomatic relations between Switzerland and Syria have not been broken off.<ref name="Eidgenössisches Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten EDA" />
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|{{flag|Ukraine}}||31 March 1992<br />'''[[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|Relations severed on 30 June 2022]]'''||{{small|See [[Syria–Ukraine relations]]}}
*Syria recognised independent Ukraine on 28 December 1991. 
*Until 2011, relations were positive and mainly oriented on scientific-technical, trade and economic cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://syria.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-sy/diplomacy |title=Political dialogue between Ukraine and Syria – Embassy of Ukraine in Syrian Arab Republic |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142318/https://syria.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-sy/diplomacy |archive-date=17 February 2019}}</ref>
*After 11 years of frozen relations, Ukraine severed diplomatic relations with Syria on 30 June 2022, when Damascus recognized the [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-syria-diplomatic-ties-russia-assad/31922447.html | title=Ukraine Cuts Diplomatic Ties with Syria After It Recognizes Eastern Regions as Independent | work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty | date=30 June 2022 }}</ref>
*Syria formally broke its diplomatic ties to Ukraine on 20 July 2022, citing the [[Reciprocity (international relations)|principle of reciprocity]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Syria, a close Russia ally, breaks diplomatic ties with Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/20/syria-formally-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-ukraine |date=2022-07-20 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>
*Ukraine opened an honorary consulate in Damascus during a visit by foreign minister Andrii Sybiha to Syria on 30 December 2024, signalling a warming in relations following the [[fall of the Assad regime]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/ukraine-s-foreign-minister-meets-with-syria-1735554681.html|title=Ukraine's Foreign Minister meets with Syria's new leader in Damascus: Details|newspaper=RBC-Ukraine|date=30 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1873750799479881914 |user=MFA_Ukraine |title🇺🇦 Historic moment: The Ukrainian flag is raised over the Honorary Consulate of Ukraine in Damascus, Syria. |date=30 December 2024}}</ref>
*On 2 January 2025, Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] announced plans to re-establish diplomatic relations with Syria.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2025 |title=Zelenskiy says Ukraine preparing to resume diplomatic ties with Syria |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/zelenskiy-says-ukraine-preparing-resume-diplomatic-ties-with-syria-2025-01-02/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>
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|{{flag|United Kingdom}}||21 May 1942||{{small|See [[Syria–United Kingdom relations]]}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1942 when first British Minister presented his credentials to President of Syria [[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=First British Minister to Levant presents credentials, Damascus, Syria, C. 21 May 1942 |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205054269 |access-date=30 September 2023 |publisher=Imperial War Museum}}</ref>
* In 2001, positive relations were developed between Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] and the Syrian government, as part of the [[War on Terror]].<ref name="Blair visits Syria">{{cite web| url = http://www.rte.ie/news/2001/1030/britishreax.html| title = Blair visits Syria| publisher = [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]| date = 30 October 2001}}</ref> 
* Since the 2011 civil war, relations have deteriorated, and the UK was one of the first countries to recognise the opposition as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people.<ref name="MacFarquhar Mourtada 2012">{{cite news | last1=MacFarquhar | first1=Neil | last2=Mourtada | first2=Hania | title=Britain Recognizes Syria Opposition Coalition | website=The New York Times | date=19 November 2012 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/middleeast/britain-is-latest-power-to-recognize-syrian-opposition-coalition.html | access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>
*The [[Embassy of Syria, London|Embassy of Syria in London]] was closed in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/29/syrian-ambassadors-expelled-britain-france|title=Syrian diplomats expelled from countries around the world|last1=Black|first1=Ian|last2=McGreal|first2=Chris|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=29 May 2012|accessdate=20 April 2022}}</ref>
*The British Embassy in Damascus was closed in 2012.<ref name="AboutFCO2012">{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32884/about-fco.pdf |title=The Foreign & Commonwealth Office |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |date=January 2012}}</ref>
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