Editing Foreign relations of Pakistan (section)

===Major dissensions===

====Tensions with India====
{{Main|India–Pakistan relations|Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts}}

Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour [[India]] over regional issues. India and Pakistan have fought [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|three conventional wars]] throughout the 20th century over the issue of [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pakistan: Nationalism Without a Nation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|publisher=Zed Books|year=2002|isbn=1842771175|location=Internet|pages=195–196}}</ref> There have been attempts to unite the countries but since 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his Muslim League had demanded an independent Pakistan, whose Muslims would have their own government rather than remaining subordinate to India's Hindu majority.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India and Pakistan|last= Wolpert|first= Stanley|publisher=University of California Press|year=2010|page=7}}</ref> There are many sources of tension between the two countries but the issues over terrorism, size disparities and three geostrategic issues: Kashmir, water, and the Siachen Glacier, are the major ones resulting in the attenuated volume of trade and trust deficit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shooting for a Century|last=Choen|first=Stephen|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2013|page=33}}</ref> The continuing dispute over the status of Kashmir inflames opinions in both nations and makes friendly relations difficult. Since 2019, Pakistan has frozen in relations with India after [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|India revoked the autonomy of its administered Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asif |first1=Mehmood |title=India-Pakistan trade remains in deep freeze |date=9 February 2022 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2342718/india-pakistan-trade-remains-in-deep-freeze |publisher=The Express Tribune |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref> Pakistan is also a member of the [[Coffee Club]] to oppose Indian membership in the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anirban |first1=Bhaumik |title=Pakistan raises Kashmir at UNSC, opposes India's permanent membership bid |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/pakistan-raises-kashmir-at-unsc-opposes-indias-permanent-membership-bid-1172098.html |publisher=Deccan herald |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref>

====Trust Deficit with U.S.====
{{Main|Pakistan–United States relations|Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan}}

The United States has played an important role in the young history of Pakistan, being one of the first countries to recognize their independence on 14 August 1947.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm|title=Pakistan|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=1 March 2017}}</ref> Pakistan consistently found themselves on the United States side of issues faced during the Cold War.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sunawar|first1=Lubwa|last2=Cuotto|first2=Tatiana|year=2015|title=U.S. Pakistan Relations During the Cold War|url=http://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=agsjournal|journal=The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development|volume=1|via=arcadia}}</ref> At the time, Pakistan served as a geostrategic position for United States military bases since it bordered the Soviet Union and China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=agsjournal|title=US-Pakistan Relations during Cold War}}</ref> The relationship between the two countries went through varying levels of friendliness, but these positive relations would fall apart following successful cooperation in fighting the Soviet Union's influence in [[Central Asia]] and the subsequent fall of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nguyen Khanh Van  |title=United States–Pakistan Relations in Post-Cold War Era: A Political–Security Perspective |journal=The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies |date=January 2020 |volume=1 |doi=10.1142/S2717541320500011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In reaction to Pakistan's new nuclear capacity, the United States in 1992 passed the [[Pressler amendment|Pressler Amendment]] approving sanctions against Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perkovich|first=George|year=1993|title=A Nuclear Third Way in South Asia|journal=Foreign Policy|volume=91|pages=92}}</ref> Relations would restrengthen following [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] with Pakistan's warm response following the tragedy. Aid was given to Pakistan for the first time again in 2002, and the 2000s saw an extension of this friendly relationship. The [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush]] and [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama]] administrations has concerns regarding [[terrorism in Pakistan|Pakistan include regional and global terrorism]]; Afghan stability; democratization and human rights protection; the ongoing [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir problem]] and Pakistan-India tensions; and economic development.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan and U.S. Relations|last1=Kelly|first1=Charles B.|last2=Beasley|first2=Francis V.|publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]]|year=2009|page=1}}</ref> This dynamic would reach a head following a few incidents highlighted by the operation to [[Death of Osama bin Laden|kill Osama bin Laden]] in [[Abbottabad]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-may-07-la-ed-pakistan-20110507-story.html|title=An unhappy alliance|date=7 May 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=1 March 2017|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref> While America's troubled relationship with Pakistan continues to be eroded by crisis after crisis,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vinay |first1=Kaura |title=The US and Pakistan have a trust deficit |url=https://mei.edu/publications/us-and-pakistan-have-trust-deficit |website=Middle East Institute |access-date=18 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> bilateral relationship persists of promoting trade and regional economic cooperation, this type of relationship is beneficial for both countries and gives incentive for continuing friendly relations in the early 2010s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shooting for a Century|last=Choen|first=Stephen |publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2013|page=179}}</ref> However, with the U.S. troops withdrawal, its role in serving as a conduit for the U.S. in Afghanistan has ended.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akhilesh |first1=Pillalamarri |title=How Did Pakistan Become Geopolitically Irrelevant? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/how-did-pakistan-become-geopolitically-irrelevant/ |publisher=The Diplomat  |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>

Recently U.S. stopped military aid to Pakistan, which was about US$2 billion per year.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jamal|first1=Umair|title=Trump's decision to cut military aid to Pakistan may prove costly to both|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/trumps-decision-to-cut-military-aid-to-pakistan-may-prove-costly-to-both|access-date=13 January 2018|work=The Straits Times|publisher=Singapore Press Holdings|date=12 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> America's deference to India reflects its importance to counter China's influence in Asia. This imposes a ceiling on cooperation with Pakistan, limiting it to the non-strategic domain.<ref name=A/> Former Prime Minister Imran Khan had named senior U.S. diplomat [[Donald Lu]] as the person who was allegedly involved in the "foreign conspiracy" to topple his government through a [[No-confidence motion against Imran Khan|no-confidence vote tabled by the Opposition]]. The U.S. has repeatedly dismissed Khan's allegations.<ref name="Imran">{{Cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/blinken-bilawal-discuss-bilateral-ties-in-first-contact-since-formation-of-new-government-in-pakistan/article65390939.ece |title=Blinken, Bilawal discuss bilateral ties in first contact since formation of new government in Pakistan |date=7 May 2022|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==== World governance initiatives ====
Pakistan signed the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]], leading to the establishment of the [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]] in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA) |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215501/http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ayub Khan]], then president of Pakistan, endorsed the agreement to convene a World Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1962-06-07 |title=Pakistan Announces Delegates Named |page=5 |work=Arizona Sun |url=https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/nodes/view/118619}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amerasinghe |first=Terence P. |title=Emerging World Law, Volume 1 |publisher=Institute for Economic Democracy |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-933567-16-7 |page=50 |language=en}}</ref> Member of Parliament and adviser to the Prime Minister, [[Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer]], represented Pakistan at the World Constituent Assembly in [[Interlaken]], Switzerland in August 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-29 |title=Als Interlaken die heimliche Welthauptstadt war |url=https://www.bernerzeitung.ch/als-interlaken-die-heimliche-welthauptstadt-war-476772910117 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[Berner Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref>

In 1982, the inaugural [[Provisional World Parliament|Provisional World Parliament (PWP)]] convened in [[Brighton]], United Kingdom, with Pakistani [[jurist]] and [[diplomat]] [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan|Sir Chaudhry Mohammad Zafarullah Khan]] presiding over the session at the [[Royal Pavilion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amerasinghe |first=Terence P. |title=Emerging World Law, Volume 1 |publisher=Institute for Economic Democracy |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-933567-16-7 |page=61 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provisional World Parliament {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100012539 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=uia.org}}</ref>

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