Editing Foreign relations of Japan (section)

=== Americas ===
{{main|Japan–Latin America relations}}
Japan has continued to extend significant support to development and technical assistance projects in [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/06ap_la01.html|title=外務省: ご案内- ご利用のページが見つかりません|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221181114/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/06ap_la01.html|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations began
!Notes
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|{{flag|Argentina}}||<!--Date started-->3 February 1898
|See [[Argentina–Japan relations]]

Argentina maintains an embassy in Tokyo and Japan maintains an embassy in [[Buenos Aires]]. Diplomatic relations were restored by the signing of the [[San Francisco Peace Treaty]] in 1952. Argentine president [[Arturo Frondizi]] visited Japan in 1960, and subsequently [[bilateral trade]] and Japanese investment into Argentina have increased in importance. Japanese imports were primarily foodstuffs and raw materials, while exports were mostly machinery and finished products.

Members of the [[Imperial Family of Japan]] have visited Argentina on a number of occasions, including [[Prince Takamado|Prince and Princess Takamado]] in 1991, [[Emperor Akihito|Emperor and Empress Akihito]] in 1997 and [[Prince Akishino|Prince and Princess Akishino]] in 1998. Argentine President [[Raúl Alfonsín]] visited Japan in 1986, as did President [[Carlos Menem]] in 1990, 1993 and 1998.
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|{{flag|Barbados }}||29 August 1967<ref name="mfat"/>||See [[Barbados–Japan relations]]

Japan was accredited to Barbados from its embassy in [[Port of Spain]] ([[Trinidad and Tobago]]) and an honorary consulate in [[Bridgetown]]. Since January 2016, Japan opened a new embassy directly in Bridgetown, Barbados.  Barbados is represented towards Japan through a non-resident ambassador in Bridgetown.
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|{{flag|Bolivia}}||<!--Date started-->3 April 1914||See [[Bolivia–Japan relations]]

* Bolivia has an embassy in Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ebja.jp/ |title=Embassy of Bolivia in Tokyo |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811211145/http://ebja.jp/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* Japan has an embassy in [[La Paz]] and a consular office in [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bo.emb-japan.go.jp/ |title=Embassy of Japan in La Paz |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828065624/http://www.bo.emb-japan.go.jp/ |archive-date=28 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* There are around 15,000 Bolivians who are of Japanese descent. (See also [[Japanese Bolivians]])
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|{{flag|Brazil }}||<!--Date started-->1895||See [[Brazil–Japan relations]]

* Brazil has an embassy in Tokyo and consulates-general in [[Hamamatsu]] and [[Nagoya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toquio.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/|title=Página Inicial|website=toquio.itamaraty.gov.br|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330185838/http://toquio.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/|archive-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
* Japan has an embassy in [[Brasília]] and consulates-general in [[Belém]], [[Curitiba]], [[Manaus]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[São Paulo]] and consular offices in [[Recife]] and [[Porto Alegre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.br.emb-japan.go.jp/itprtop_pt/index.html|title=Embaixada do Japão no Brasil|website=www.br.emb-japan.go.jp|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430133937/http://www.br.emb-japan.go.jp/itprtop_pt/index.html|archive-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Canada }}||21 January 1928<ref name="mfat"/>||See [[Canada–Japan relations]]

Diplomatic relations between both countries officially began in 1950 with the opening of the Japanese consulate in [[Ottawa]]. In 1929, Canada opened its Tokyo [[legation]], the first in Asia;<ref>Ambassade du Japon au Canada: [http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_f/80e%20anniversaire/Index.html  ''80ième anniversaire des relations diplomatiques nippo-canadiennes.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501200418/http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_f/80e%20anniversaire/Index.html |date=1 May 2008 }}</ref> and in that same year, Japan its Ottawa consulate to legation form.<ref name="mofa1">Foreign Ministry of Japan: [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/canada/episode.html#4  ''Episodes in Japan–Canada Relations.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704194958/http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/canada/episode.html |date=4 July 2013 }}</ref>

Some Canadian–Japanese contacts predate the mutual establishment of permanent legations.  The first known Japanese immigrant to Canada, Manzo Nagano, landed in New Westminster, British Columbia in 1877.<ref>Ambassade du Japon au Canada: [http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_f/80e%20anniversaire/80ans_dhistoire.html  ''80 années d'histoire, Contact initial''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612081458/http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_f/80e%20anniversaire/80ans_dhistoire.html |date=12 June 2008 }}</ref> Japan's consulate in Vancouver was established in 1889, 40 years before its embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1929.<ref>Numata, Sadaaki. [http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_e/Ambassador/Speeches/bc-cjs.html  "Japan–Canada Partnership from a Pacific Perspective,"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110716091151/http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_e/Ambassador/Speeches/bc-cjs.html |date=16 July 2011 }} Embassy of Japan in Canada. 18 October 2005.</ref>

Canadians G. G. Cochran helped in founding [[Doshisha University]] in Kyoto, and Davidson McDonald helped in establishing [[Aoyama Gakuin University]] in Tokyo.<ref name="mofa1"/>

In the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]], a Canadian steamship, the [[RMS Empress of Australia (1919)|RMS ''Empress of Australia'']] and her captain, [[Samuel Robinson (sea captain)|Samuel Robinson]] achieved international acclaim for stalwart rescue efforts during the immediate aftermath of that disaster.<ref name="nyt1958">[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A11FB3D59127A93C5A91782D85F4C8585F9&scp=3&sq=samuel+robinson&st=p  "Capt. Samuel Robinson, Who Won Fame For Rescue Work in Jap Quake, Dies,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214152308/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A11FB3D59127A93C5A91782D85F4C8585F9&scp=3&sq=samuel+robinson&st=p |date=14 December 2013 }} ''New York Times''. 7 September 1958.</ref>

Canadian military attaché [[Herbert Cyril Thacker]] served in the field with Japanese forces in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–05), for which the Japanese government awarded him the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Order of the Sacred Treasure, Third Class]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=article&no=8245|title=Article|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403071833/http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=article&no=8245|archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> and the Japanese War medal for service during that campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/prominentpeopleo00stjouoft|title=Prominent people of the Maritime Provinces [in business and professional life]|date=15 November 1922|publisher=St. John, N.B., Canadian Publicity Co., J. [and] A. McMillan, Pr.|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

Canada and Japan have had diplomatic relations since 1928. Both countries are characterized by their active role in the Asia-Pacific community, as well as a relationship consisting of important economic, political, and socio-cultural ties. As major international donors, both Canada and Japan are strongly committed to promoting human rights, sustainable development and peace initiatives.

Canada–Japan relations are underpinned by their partnership in multilateral institutions: the G-7/8; the United Nations; the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], the Quad (Canada, the European Union, Japan and the United States), and by their common interest in the Pacific community, including participation in the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (APEC) and the [[ASEAN Regional Forum]] (ARF).

Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko visited Canada in 2009.<ref>Nishida, Tsuneo. [http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/editorial/story.html?id=ba6f2d48-96cf-447b-b426-05782e47b7b9  "Toyako Summit identified a range of global challenges,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105012758/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/editorial/story.html?id=ba6f2d48-96cf-447b-b426-05782e47b7b9 |date=5 November 2012 }} ''The Gazette'' (Montreal). 4 August 2008.</ref>
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|{{flag|Chile}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1897|9|25}}||See [[Chile–Japan relations]]
*Chile and Japan established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1897. During [[World War II]], relations between both countries were severed. Chilean President [[Juan Antonio Ríos]] suspended relations with Japan on 20 January 1943 and in February 1945, he declared a "state of belligerancy". Finally, on 12 April 1945, Chile declared war against Japan. Relations were re-established on 7 October 1952 after the signing of [[San Francisco Peace Treaty]].
*Japan has an embassy in [[Santiago de Chile]]
*Chile has an embassy and a consulate-general in Tokyo and three honorary consulates in [[Osaka]], [[Sapporo]] and [[Nagasaki]].
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|{{flag|Colombia}}||<!--Date started-->25 May 1908||See [[Colombia–Japan relations]]

The relationship was officially established in 1908, only interrupted between 1942 and 1954 with the surge of World War II. Relations are mostly based on commercial trade that has favored Japan interests such as Colombian coffee (which Japan imports a lot), cultural exchanges and technological and philanthropic aid to Colombia.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://es.colombiaembassy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=68 Colombian embassy in Japan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903195855/http://es.colombiaembassy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=68 |date=3 September 2007 }}</ref>
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|{{flag|Cuba}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1929|12|21}}||See [[Cuba–Japan relations]]
Cuba and Japan established diplomatic relations on 21 December 1929.
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|{{flag|Ecuador}}
||<!--Dae started-->26 August 1918||See [[Ecuador–Japan relations]]
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|{{flag|Mexico }}||30 November 1888<ref name="mfat"/>||See [[Japan–Mexico relations]]

The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation concluded in 1888 between Japan and [[Mexico]] was the nation's first "equal" treaty with any country;<ref name="mofa-Mexico">Ministry of Foreign Affairs: [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/mexico/index.html  ''Japan–Mexico Foreign Relations''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521173824/http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/mexico/index.html |date=21 May 2009 }}</ref> which overshadows [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s pre-[[Edo period]] initiatives which sought to establish official relations with the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]] in Mexico.<ref>Nutail, Zelia. (1906). ''The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan'', p.  2; [https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/japan-to-decorate-kind-alfonso-today-emperors-brother-nears-madrid.html?sq=order+of+the+chrysanthemum+&scp=4&st=p  "Japan to Decorate King Alfonso Today; Emperor's Brother Nears Madrid With Collar of the Chrysanthemum for Spanish King."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512090708/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B1EFE3D5C117A93C1A9178AD95F448385F9&scp=4&sq=order+of+the+chrysanthemum+&st=p |date=12 May 2013 }} ''New York Times'', 3 November 1930.</ref>

In 1897, the 35 members of the so-called ''Enomoto'' Colonization Party settle in the Mexican state of Chiapas.  This was the first organized emigration from Japan to Latin America.<ref name = "mofa-Mexico"/>

President [[Álvaro Obregón]] was awarded Japan's [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] at a special ceremony in Mexico City.  On 27 November 1924, Baron Shigetsuma Furuya, Special Ambassador from Japan to Mexico, conferred the honor on Obregón.  It was reported that this had been the first time that the Order had been conferred outside the Imperial family.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1924/11/28/archives/japan-decorates-obregon-order-of-the-chrysanthemum-conferred-by.html?sq=order+of+the+chrysanthemum+&scp=3&st=p "Japan Decorates Obregon; Order of the Chrysanthemum is Conferred by Special Ambassador,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212054902/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20614FE3B5D17738DDDA10A94D9415B848EF1D3&scp=3&sq=order+of+the+chrysanthemum+&st=p |date=12 December 2011 }} ''New York Times'', 28 November 1924.</ref>

In 1952, Mexico becomes the second country to ratify the San Francisco Peace Treaty, preceded only by the United Kingdom.<ref name="mofa-Mexico"/>

Mexico and Japan on 17 September 2004, signed the "Agreement Between Japan and The United Mexican States for the Strengthening of The Economic Partnership." This was among the many historic steps led by Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]] to strengthen global economic stability.
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|{{flag|Paraguay }}||<!--Date started-->17 November 1919
|See [[Japan–Paraguay relations]]
* Commercial relations started prior to the establishment of diplomatic relations. Trade agreement was signed in Asuncion on 17 November 1919.<ref>Text in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'', vol. 6, pp. 368–377.</ref>
* Japan has an embassy in [[Asuncion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.py.emb-japan.go.jp/|title=Embajada del Japon en la Republica del Paraguay – Bienvenidos|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228110508/http://www.py.emb-japan.go.jp/|archive-date=28 February 2015}}</ref>
* Paraguay has an embassy in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embapar.jp/|title=Embajada de la República del Paraguay en Japón|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222024522/http://www.embapar.jp/|archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref>
* There are around 10,000 Paraguayans who are of Japanese descent, whose ancestors came to Paraguay between 1936 and 1959. (See also [[Japanese Paraguayans]])
* [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/paraguay/index.html Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Paraguay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414051556/https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/paraguay/index.html |date=14 April 2020 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071005200037/http://www.mre.gov.py/paginas/representaciones/Embajadas.asp?CodRepresentacion=47&tipo=1 Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Japan]}}
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|{{flag|Peru}}||<!--Date started-->21 August 1873||See [[Japan–Peru relations]]

* Japan has an embassy in [[Lima]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pe.emb-japan.go.jp/itprtop_es/index.html|title=Embajada del Japón en el Perú|website=www.pe.emb-japan.go.jp|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105070208/http://www.pe.emb-japan.go.jp/itprtop_es/index.html|archive-date=5 November 2017}}</ref>
* Peru has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate-general in [[Nagoya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://embajadadelperuenjapon.org|title=Slider Homepage – EMBAJADA DEL PERÚ EN JAPÓN|website=EMBAJADA DEL PERÚ EN JAPÓN|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329180006/http://embajadadelperuenjapon.org/|archive-date=29 March 2018}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}||<!--Date started-->May 1964||See [[Japan–Trinidad and Tobago relations]]
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|{{flag|United States }}||29 July 1858<ref name="mfat"/>||See [[Japan–United States relations]]
[[File:20220523 Fumio Kishida and Joe Biden 06.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] and Japanese Prime Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] in 23 May 2022]]

The United States is Japan's closest ally, and Japan relies on the U.S. for [[National security of Japan|its national security]] to a high degree. As two of the world's top three economic powers, both countries also rely on close economic ties for their wealth, despite ongoing and occasionally acrimonious trade frictions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=Michael |title=The US-Japan Alliance: A Brief Strategic History |url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-us-japan-alliance-a-brief-strategic-history/ |work=The Association for Asian Studies |date=2007 |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627092001/https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-us-japan-alliance-a-brief-strategic-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Don't take our allies for granted, even Japan |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/507545-dont-take-our-allies-for-granted-even-japan/ |work=The Hill |date=19 July 2020 |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519110122/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/507545-dont-take-our-allies-for-granted-even-japan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After Japan's defeat in World War II, the Japanese-ruled [[Northern Mariana Islands]] came under control of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=History of the Northern Mariana Islands |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Mariana-Islands/German-and-Japanese-control |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519110122/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Mariana-Islands/German-and-Japanese-control |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''The Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union With the United States of America'', {{USStatute|94|241|90|263|1976|03|24}}</ref>

Although [[Constitution of Japan|its constitution]] and [[Government of Japan|government]] policy preclude an offensive military role for Japan in international affairs, Japanese cooperation with the United States through the 1960 [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan|U.S.–Japan Security Treaty]] has been important to the peace and stability of [[East Asia]].<ref name=":0" /> Currently, there are domestic discussions about possible reinterpretation of [[Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution]].<ref name=":0" /> All postwar Japanese governments have relied on a close relationship with the United States as the foundation of their foreign policy and have depended on the mutual security treaty for strategic protection.<ref name=":0" />

The relationship probably hit a post-war nadir around the early 1990s, when Japan's "economic rise" was seen as a threat to American power.  Japan was the primary financier of the [[Gulf War]], yet received major criticism in some US circles for its refusal to commit actual military support.  Following the collapse of the so-called [[Bubble economy]] and the 1990s boom in the US, the Japanese economy was perceived as less of a threat to US interests.  Some observers still feel that Japan's willingness to deploy troops in support of current US operations in Iraq, as spearheaded by [[Junichiro Koizumi|Koizumi]] and the conservative [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]], reflects a vow not to be excluded from the group of countries the US considers friends.  This decision may reflect a [[realpolitik]] understanding of the threat Japan faces from a rapidly modernizing [[China]], which from its continued and indeed growing pattern of anti-Japanese [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]] reveals the belief that old historical scores remain unsettled.
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|{{flag|Uruguay }}||<!--Date started-->24 September 1921
|See [[Japan–Uruguay relations]]
* Japan has an embassy in [[Montevideo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uy.emb-japan.go.jp/|title=Bienvenidos a la pagina web de la Embajada del Japon en el Uruguay|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330161034/http://www.uy.emb-japan.go.jp/|archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref>
* Uruguay has an embassy in Tokyo.
* There are several thousand people of [[Japanese people|Japanese descent]] living in Uruguay. (See also [[Japanese Uruguayans]])
* [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/uruguay/index.html Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Uruguay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306215858/https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/uruguay/index.html |date=6 March 2023 }}
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|{{flag|Venezuela }}||<!--Date started-->19 August 1938||See [[Japan–Venezuela relations]]

Formal diplomatic relations between the countries were established in August 1938.<ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: Japan–Venezuelan relations ">{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/venezuela/index.html|title=Japan-Venezuela Relations|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170813/http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/venezuela/index.html|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Venezuela broke off diplomatic ties with Japan (and the other [[Axis Powers]]) in December 1941, shortly after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="VENEZUELA BREAKS WITH AXIS REGIMES; Move Hailed as Evidence of Nation's Faithfulness to American Obligations BRAZIL REAFFIRMS STAND Vargas Declares All Doubts Were Resolved by Attack on the United States, ''New York Times'', 1 Jan 1942">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/01/01/archives/venezuela-breaks-with-axis-regimes-move-hailed-as-evidence-of.html|title=VENEZUELA BREAKS WITH AXIS REGIMES - Move Hailed as Evidence of Nation's Faithfulness to American Obligations BRAZIL REAFFIRMS STAND Vargas Declares All Doubts Were Resolved by Attack on the United States - Article - NYTimes.com|date=1 January 1942|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512083514/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C1FFA3C5D167B93C3A9178AD85F468485F9|archive-date=12 May 2013|work=The New York Times|last1=Times|first1=Special Cable to THE NEW York}}</ref>

In 1999, Venezuelan President [[Hugo Chávez]] made a three-day trip to Japan. He made another two-day trip in 2009, during which he met Prime Minister [[Tarō Asō]].

In February 2019, Japan recognized Venezuelan opposition leader [[Juan Guaidó|Juan Guaido]] as Venezuelan legitimate president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/japan-recognizes-guaido-as-venezuelan-president/1397263|title=Japan recognizes Guaido as Venezuelan president|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716052633/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/japan-recognizes-guaido-as-venezuelan-president/1397263|url-status=live}}</ref>
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