Editing First Opium War (section)

==== Napier Affair ====
In late 1834, to accommodate the revocation of the East India Company's monopoly, the British sent [[William John Napier]] to Macau along with [[John Francis Davis]] and [[Sir George Robinson, 2nd Baronet]], as British superintendents of trade in China. Napier was instructed to obey Chinese regulations, communicate directly with Chinese authorities, superintend trade pertaining to the contraband trade of opium, and to survey China's coastline. Upon his arrival in China, Napier tried to circumvent the restrictive system that forbade direct contact with Chinese officials by sending a letter directly to the [[Viceroy of Liangguang]], [[Lu Kun]], requesting a meeting. The Viceroy refused to accept it, and on 2 September of that year an edict was issued that temporarily closed British trade. In response, Napier ordered two Royal Navy vessels to bombard Chinese forts on the Pearl River straight, the ''[[Humen|Bocca Tigris]]'', in a show of force. This command was followed through, but war was avoided due to Napier falling ill with typhus and ordering a retreat. The brief gunnery duel drew condemnation by the Chinese government, as well as criticism from the British government and foreign merchants.<ref>Lydia He. LIU; Lydia He Liu (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LkTO2_-XDa8C&pg=PA47 ''The Clash of Empires: the invention of China in modern world making'']. Harvard University Press. pp. 47–. {{ISBN|978-0-674-04029-8}}.</ref> Other nationalities, such as the Americans, prospered through their continued peaceful trade with China, but the British were told to leave Guangzhou for either [[Whampoa anchorage|Whampoa]] or Macau.<ref name="Michie-2012">{{Cite book |last=Michie |first=Alexander |title=The Englishman in China During the Victorian Era: As Illustrated in the Career of Sir Rutherford Alcock, Volume 1 |date=2012 |publisher=HardPress  |isbn=978-1-290-63687-2}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2021}} Lord Napier was forced to return to Macau in September, where he died of [[typhus]] a month later, on 11 October.<ref name="MCR-1834">{{Cite web |title=The Napier Affair (1834) |url=http://jds.cass.cn/Item/5699.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204215424/http://jds.cass.cn/Item/5699.aspx |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2014 |website=Modern China Research |publisher=Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

After Lord Napier's death, Captain Charles Elliot received the King's Commission as Superintendent of Trade in 1836 to continue Napier's work of conciliating the Chinese.<ref name="MCR-1834" />