Editing First Anglo-Dutch War (section)

==Aftermath==
[[File:Akte van Seclusie Nl-HaNA 3.01.04.03 62.jpg|thumb|The [[Act of Seclusion]]]]

The Dutch were saved from harsh peace. In part to the leniency of Cromwell,{{efn|With tears in his eyes and invoking God, Cromwell had declared to the Dutch envoys in London that nothing had grieved him more than this war.{{sfnp|Blok|1925|p=58}}}} but also because he feared a longer war,{{sfnp|Blok|1925|p=58}} along with the massive economic damage to the English maritime economy.<ref name="Israel1120">Israel (1997), p. 1120</ref> The Dutch nevertheless realized few of the objectives in their 36 articles, and had to make a few minor concessions - the acceptance of the Act of Navigation which excluded their merchants from all commerce between England and its colonies,{{sfnp|Butel|2002|p=162}} an indemnity of £85,000 for losses of the EIC in the East Indies and £3,615 which had to be paid to the heirs of the victims of the [[Amboyna massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=W.W. and P.E. Roberts |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62692 |title=A History of British India |publisher=Longman, Green & Co|page=427 |year=1899}}</ref> The island of [[Run (island)|Run]] in the East Indies was to be ceded to the East India Company, although the Dutch never actually returned the island.{{sfnp|Geyl|1948|p=36}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |title=England's Quest of Eastern Trade |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1933 |volume=1 |page=278}}</ref> Lastly, a symbolic gesture; saluting the flag of English warships in the Channel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=B F |year=1841 |title=art. IV The Dominion of the Seas |journal=The Law Magazine, or, Quarterly Review of Jurisprudence |pages=71–94}}</ref>

Cromwell's original political aim of a union that would subordinate the Dutch was dropped; instead the main concession which he desired bore no role in the original reason for going to war. This was the sole condition that the Dutch had to agree that no Prince of Orange or other member of the [[House of Orange]] should hold the office of [[Stadtholder]] or any other public office in the Netherlands, a demand that was strongly opposed by Orangists, but in the interests of the [[Dutch States Party]], led by [[Johan de Witt]]. Although this was not part of the formal peace treaty, the two members of the negotiating team from the province of Holland agreed to a secret annexe providing that England would only ratify the treaty after the States of Holland had passed an [[Act of Seclusion]], excluding the House of Orange from holding public office in that province: this legislation was passed in May 1654.<ref name="Israel722">Israel (1995), p. 722</ref><ref name="Rommelse26">Rommelse (2006), p. 26</ref> There was an adverse reaction from several of the other Dutch provinces, but their provincial assemblies could neither overcome their own internal divisions nor coordinate opposition with other provinces. However, although they did not enact their own Exclusion legislation then, in practice they did not oppose it. Only after the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] did four other provinces besides Holland adopt the [[Perpetual Edict (1667)]] sanctioning Exclusion.<ref name="Israel723-4">Israel (1995), pp. 723–724</ref>

England celebrated the peace but it was also a relief - Cromwell proclaimed 23 May 1654 to be a day of [[Thanksgiving]].{{sfn|Baker|1960|p=7}} The English made some small gains out of the peace treaty, while not making any concessions to the Dutch, but the strong [[commerce|commercial]] position of the Dutch Republic remained largely intact and the rivalry between the two nations was not resolved. Especially in their emerging overseas colonies, hostilities continued between Dutch and English trading companies, which had warships and troops of their own.

The English soon took advantage of their new ships seized from the Dutch to implement a merchant fleet on similar lines to the Dutch, particularly the effort to build more flyboats.{{sfn|Davis|2012|p=55}} The Dutch too had started on a major shipbuilding programme to remedy the lack of [[ships of the line]] evident at the battles of the Kentish Knock, the Gabbard, and [[Battle of Scheveningen|Scheveningen]]. The admiralties were now forbidden by law to sell off these sixty new ships. When in 1665 the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] started the Dutch were thus much better prepared.<ref name="Israel717">Israel (1995), p. 717</ref>