Editing Fidel Castro (section)

===Imprisonment and 26 July Movement: 1953–1955===
{{Further|26 July Movement}}
Imprisoned with 25 comrades, Castro renamed his group the "[[26th of July Movement]]" (MR-26-7) in memory of the Moncada attack's date, and formed a school for prisoners.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=94–95}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|p=61}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|p=93}}.</ref> He read widely, enjoying the works of Marx, Lenin, and Martí but also reading books by [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Shakespeare]], [[Axel Munthe|Munthe]], [[Somerset Maugham|Maugham]], and [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Dostoyevsky]], analysing them within a Marxist framework.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=95–96}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=63–65}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=93–94}}.</ref> Corresponding with supporters, he maintained control over the Movement and organized the publication of ''History Will Absolve Me''.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=98–100}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|p=71}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=94–95}}.</ref> Initially permitted a relative amount of freedom within the prison, he was locked up in [[solitary confinement]] after inmates sang anti-Batista songs on a visit by the president in February 1954.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=97–98}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=67–71}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=95–96}}.</ref> Meanwhile, Castro's wife Mirta gained employment in the Ministry of the Interior, something he discovered through a radio announcement. Appalled, he raged that he would rather die "a thousand times" than "suffer impotently from such an insult".<ref name="divorce"/> Both Fidel and Mirta initiated divorce proceedings, with Mirta taking custody of their son Fidelito; this angered Castro, who did not want his son growing up in a bourgeois environment.<ref name="divorce">{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=102–103}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=76–79}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=97–99}}.</ref>
[[File:Fidel Castro and his men in the Sierra Maestra.jpg|left|thumb|Fidel Castro and his men in the Sierra Maestra, 2 December 1956]] 
In 1954, Batista's government held [[1954 Cuban general election|presidential elections]], but no politician stood against him; the election was widely considered fraudulent. It had allowed some political opposition to be voiced, and Castro's supporters had agitated for an amnesty for the Moncada incident's perpetrators. Some politicians suggested an amnesty would be good publicity, and the Congress and Batista agreed. Backed by the US and major corporations, Batista believed Castro to be no threat, and on 15 May 1955, the prisoners were released.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=103–105}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=80–82}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=99–100}}.</ref> Returning to Havana, Castro gave radio interviews and press conferences; the government closely monitored him, curtailing his activities.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|p=105}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=83–85}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|p=100}}.</ref> Now divorced, Castro had sexual affairs with two female supporters, Naty Revuelta and Maria Laborde, each conceiving him a child.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|p=110}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|p=100}}.</ref> Setting about strengthening the MR-26-7, he established an 11-person National Directorate but retained autocratic control, with some dissenters labelling him a ''[[caudillo]]'' (dictator); he argued that a successful revolution could not be run by committee and required a strong leader.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=106–107}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=100–101}}.</ref>

In 1955, bombings and violent demonstrations led to a crackdown on dissent, with Castro and Raúl fleeing the country to evade arrest.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=109–111}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|p=85}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|p=101}}.</ref> Castro sent a letter to the press, declaring that he was "leaving Cuba because all doors of peaceful struggle have been closed to me&nbsp;... As a follower of Martí, I believe the hour has come to take our rights and not beg for them, to fight instead of pleading for them."<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|p=111}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|p=86}}.</ref> The Castros and several comrades travelled to Mexico,<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|p=112}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|p=88}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|p=102}}.</ref> where Raúl befriended an Argentine doctor and [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] named [[Ernesto "Che" Guevara]], who was working as a journalist and photographer for "''Agencia Latina de Noticias''".<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2001 |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2001/12/11/03an1cul.html |title=Por vez primera en México se exhibe el testimonio fotográfico del Che Guevara |work=[[La Jornada]] UNAM |access-date=26 November 2016 |language=es |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127024501/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2001/12/11/03an1cul.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Fidel liked him, later describing him as "a more advanced revolutionary than I was".<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=115–117}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=96–98}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=102–103}}; {{harvnb|Castro|Ramonet|2009|pp=172–173}}.</ref> Castro also associated with the Spaniard [[Alberto Bayo]], who agreed to teach Castro's rebels the necessary skills in [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=105–106}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=104–105}}.</ref> Requiring funding, Castro toured the US in search of wealthy sympathizers, there being monitored by Batista's agents, who allegedly orchestrated a failed assassination attempt against him.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=117–118, 124}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=101–102, 108–114}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=105–110}}.</ref> Castro kept in contact with the MR-26-7 in Cuba, where they had gained a large support base in Oriente.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=111–124}};{{harvnb|Coltman|2003|p=104}}.</ref> Other militant anti-Batista groups had sprung up, primarily from the student movement; most notable was the [[Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil]] (DRE), founded by [[José Antonio Echeverría]]. Antonio met with Castro in [[Mexico City]], but Castro opposed the student's support for indiscriminate assassination.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=122, 12–130}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=102–104, 114–116}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|p=109}}.</ref>

After purchasing the decrepit yacht ''[[Granma (yacht)|Granma]]'', on 25 November 1956, Castro set sail from [[Tuxpan]], Veracruz, with 81 armed revolutionaries.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=132–133}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|p=115}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|pp=110–112}}.</ref> The {{convert|1200|mi|km|adj=on|order=flip}} crossing to Cuba was harsh, with food running low and many suffering [[seasickness]]. At some points, they had to bail water caused by a leak, and at another, a man fell overboard, delaying their journey.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|p=134}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|p=113}}.</ref> The plan had been for the crossing to take five days, and on the ''Granma''{{'}}s scheduled day of arrival, 30 November, MR-26-7 members under [[Frank País]] led an armed uprising in Santiago and Manzanillo. However, the ''Granma''{{'}}s journey ultimately lasted seven days, and with Castro and his men unable to provide reinforcements, País and his militants dispersed after two days of intermittent attacks.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourne|1986|pp=134–135}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1993|pp=119–126}}; {{harvnb|Coltman|2003|p=113}}.</ref>