Editing Fat acceptance movement (section)

===Health===
{{Main|Health at Every Size|Obesity#Effects on health}}

Fat activists argue that anti-fat stigma and aggressive diet promotion have led to an increase in psychological and physiological problems among fat people.<ref name="ifonly" /> For instance, individuals who experience weight discrimination have reported facing more psychological distress, more loneliness, and lower well-being. Along with this, weight discrimination can heighten risk for obesity, chronic inflammation, and disease burden.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Phelan |first1=SM |last2=Burgess |first2=DJ |last3=Yeazel |first3=MW |last4=Hellerstedt |first4=WL |last5=Griffin |first5=JM |last6=van Ryn |first6=M |date=April 2015 |title=Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity |journal=Obesity Reviews |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=319–326 |doi=10.1111/obr.12266 |issn=1467-7881 |pmc=4381543 |pmid=25752756}}</ref> People can indulge in health-risk behaviors, such as avoiding physical activity.<ref name="weightdiscrim">{{cite journal |last1=Sutin|first1=A. R. |last2=Stephan|first2=Y. |last3=Terracciano|first3=A. |display-authors=1 |year=2015|title=Weight Discrimination and Risk of Mortality |journal=[[Psychol Sci]] |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1803–1811 |doi=10.1177/0956797615601103|pmid=26420442|pmc=4636946 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=C. H. |last2=Smith |first2=N. J. |last3=Wilbur |first3=D. C. |last4=Grady |first4=K. E. |date=1993 |title=The relationship of obesity to the frequency of pelvic examinations: do physician and patient attitudes make a difference? |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8372479/ |journal=Women & Health |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=45–57 |doi=10.1300/J013v20n02_04 |issn=0363-0242 |pmid=8372479}}</ref> Experiencing and internalizing weight stigma are identified as critical risk factors leading to eating pathology.<ref name="dismantlingweightstigma">{{cite journal |last1=McEntee|first1=M. L. |last2=Philip|first2=S. R. |last3=Phelan|first3=S. M. |display-authors=1 |year=2023|title=Dismantling weight stigma in eating disorder treatment: Next steps for the field |journal=[[Front Psychiatry]] |volume=14| pages=1157594 |pmid=37113547|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1157594|doi-access=free |pmc=10126256 }}</ref> Concerns are also raised that modern culture's focus on weight loss does not have a foundation in scientific research, but instead is an example of using science as a means to control [[Deviance (sociology)|deviance]], as a part of society's attempt to deal with something that it finds disturbing.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Diet critics cite the high failure rate of permanent weight-loss attempts,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=Weight Science: Evaluating the Evidence for a Paradigm Shift |journal=Nutrition Journal |date=2011-01-24 |issn=1475-2891 |pmc=3041737 |pmid=21261939 |pages=9 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-10-9 |first1=Linda |last1=Bacon |first2=Lucy |last2=Aphramor |doi-access=free }}</ref> and the dangers of [[Yo-yo dieting|"yo-yo" weight fluctuations]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Coon |first=Dennis |title=Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behaviour |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0495599111 |page=328 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw20LEaJe10C&q=dangers+of+yo-yo+dieting}}</ref> and [[Bariatrics#Surgical procedures|weight-loss surgeries]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Evelyn B. |title=Obesity |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313334603 |page=[https://archive.org/details/obesity0000kell/page/138 138] |url=https://archive.org/details/obesity0000kell |url-access=registration |quote=dangers of bariatric surgery. |date=2006-01-01}}</ref> Fat activists argue that the health issues of [[obesity]] and being [[overweight]] have been exaggerated or misrepresented, and that health issues are used as a cover for [[cultural]] and [[aesthetic]] prejudices against fat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hobbes |first=Michael |title=Everything You Know About Obesity Is Wrong |url=https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/everything-you-know-about-obesity-is-wrong/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=HuffPost}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Proponents of fat acceptance maintain that people of all shapes and sizes can strive for fitness and physical health.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ikeda |first1=J. P. |last2=Hayes |first2=D. |last3=Satter |first3=E. |last4=Parham |first4=E. S. |last5=Kratina |first5=K. |last6=Woolsey |first6=M. |last7=Lowey |first7=M. |last8=Tribole |first8=E. |display-authors=1 |year=1999 |title=A Commentary on the New Obesity Guidelines from NIH |journal=[[Journal of the American Dietetic Association]] |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=918–9 |doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00218-7 |pmid=10450304}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.size-acceptance.org/rfh/ |title=ISAA's Respect &#124; Health Initiative |publisher=Size-acceptance.org |access-date=2011-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Physical Fitness |url=http://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/about/Policies/PHYSICALFITNESS.pdf |publisher=NAAFA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920140203/http://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/about/Policies/PHYSICALFITNESS.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-20}}</ref> They believe that healthy behaviors can be independent of body weight.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Informed by this approach, psychologists who were unhappy with the treatment of fat people in the medical world initiated the [[Health at Every Size]] movement. It has five basic tenets: (1) enhancing health, (2) size and self-acceptance (3) the pleasure of eating well, (4) the joy of movement, and (5) an end to weight bias.<ref>{{Citation |last=Burgard |first=Deb |chapter=What Is "Health at Every Size"? |year=2009 |editor1-last=Solovay |editor1-first=Sandra |editor2-last=Wann |editor2-first=Marilyn |title=The Fat Studies Reader |publisher=New York University Press |publication-date=2009 |isbn=978-0-8147-7630-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fatstudiesreader0000roth/page/42 42–49] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/fatstudiesreader0000roth |url=https://archive.org/details/fatstudiesreader0000roth/page/42}}</ref>

Some proponents also claim that people with obesity can be [[Metabolically healthy obesity|metabolically healthy]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Some medical studies have challenged that "healthy obesity" concept,<ref name="Is Healthy Obesity a Myth">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_145981.html |title=Is Healthy Obesity a Myth? |publisher=nlm.nih.gov |date=30 April 2014 |access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="British Heart Foundation">{{cite web |url=http://www.bhf.org.uk/default.aspx?page=16993 |title=Dispelling the myth of 'healthy obesity' |publisher=British Heart Foundation |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="KramerMetaAnalysis">{{cite journal |last1=Kramer |first1=CK |last2=Zinman |first2=B |last3=Retnakaran |first3=R |s2cid=9431877 |title=Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=Ann Intern Med |date=Dec 3, 2013 |volume=159 |issue=11 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00008 |pmid=24297192 |pages=758–69}}</ref><ref name="BeyondBMI">{{cite journal |last1=Roberson |first1=Lara L |last2=Aneni |first2=Ehimen C |last3=Maziak |first3=Wasim |last4=Agatston |first4=Arthur |last5=Feldman |first5=Theodore |last6=Rouseff |first6=Maribeth |last7=Tran |first7=Thinh |last8=Blaha |first8=Michael J |last9=Santos |first9=Raul D. |display-authors=1 |last10=Sposito |first10=Andrei |last11=Al-Mallah |first11=Mouaz H |last12=Blankstein |first12=Ron |last13=Budoff |first13=Matthew J |last14=Nasir |first14=Khurram |title=Beyond BMI: The "Metabolically healthy obese" phenotype & its association with clinical/subclinical cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality – a systematic review |journal=BMC Public Health |date=Jan 8, 2014 |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-14 |pmid=24400816 |pmc=3890499 |pages=14 |doi-access=free }}</ref> although the definitions of metabolically healthy obesity are not standardized across studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blüher |first1=S |last2=Schwarz |first2=P |title=Metabolically healthy obesity from childhood to adulthood — Does weight status alone matter? |journal=Metabolism |date=Jun 19, 2014 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1084–92 |doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.009 |pmid=25038727}}</ref>