Editing Externality (section)

==== Negative consumption externalities ====
Examples of '''negative consumption externalities''' include:
[[File:Negative_Consumption_Externality.png|thumb|Negative consumption externality]]
* [[Noise pollution]]: Sleep deprivation due to a neighbor listening to loud music late at night.
* [[Antibiotic resistance]], caused by increased usage of antibiotics: Individuals do not consider this efficacy cost when making usage decisions.  Government policies proposed to preserve future antibiotic effectiveness include educational campaigns, regulation, [[Pigouvian taxes]], and patents.
* [[Passive smoking]]: Shared costs of declining health and vitality caused by smoking or alcohol abuse. Here, the "cost" is that of providing minimum social welfare. Economists more frequently attribute this problem to the category of [[moral hazard]]s, the prospect that parties insulated from risk may behave differently from the way they would if they were fully exposed to the risk. For example, individuals with insurance against automobile theft may be less vigilant about locking their cars, because the negative consequences of automobile theft are (partially) borne by the insurance company.
* [[Traffic congestion]]: When more people use public roads, road users experience congestion costs such as more waiting in traffic and longer trip times. Increased road users also increase the likelihood of road accidents.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Small | first1 = Kenneth A. | last2 = José A. Gomez-Ibañez | year = 1998 | title = Road Pricing for Congestion Management: The Transition from Theory to Policy| publisher = The University of California Transportation Center, University of California at Berkeley| page = 213 }}</ref>
*  Price increases: Consumption by one party causes prices to rise and therefore makes other consumers worse off, perhaps by preventing, reducing or delaying their consumption. These effects are sometimes called "[[pecuniary externalities]]" and are distinguished from "real externalities" or "technological externalities". Pecuniary externalities appear to be externalities, but occur within the market mechanism and are not considered to be a source of [[market failure]] or inefficiency, although they may still result in substantial harm to others.<ref name="LiebowitzMargolis1994">{{cite journal |last1=Liebowitz |first1=S. J |last2=Margolis |first2=Stephen E |title=Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |date=May 1994 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=133–150 |doi=10.1257/jep.8.2.133 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Weak [[public infrastructure]], air pollution, climate change, work misallocation<!--maintenance of infrastructure and cars as well as production and freight transport-->, resource requirements and land/space requirements as in the [[externalities of automobiles]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gössling |first1=Stefan |last2=Kees |first2=Jessica |last3=Litman |first3=Todd |title=The lifetime cost of driving a car |journal=Ecological Economics |date=1 April 2022 |volume=194 |pages=107335 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107335 |s2cid=246059536 |language=en |issn=0921-8009|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022EcoEc.19407335G }}</ref>