Editing Eungella National Park (section)

==Fauna==
Over 175 species of [[mammals]], [[reptiles]], [[birds]] and [[amphibians]] have been recorded in the park.<ref name="q gov 2015" />

===Birds===
111 species of birds have been recorded in Eungella National Park.<ref name="q gov 2015" /> The [[Eungella honeyeater]] (''Lichenostomus hindwoodi'') is endemic to the highland rainforest of the Clarke Range, including the park.<ref name="long and boles">Longmore, N. W., and W. E. Boles. 1983. Description and systematics of the Eungella Honeyeater ''Meliphaga hindwoodi'' . A new species of Honeyeater from Central Eastern Queensland, Australia. ''Emu'' 83:59-65.</ref> It can be distinguished from it is close relative and sister species the [[bridled honeyeater]] (''Lichenostomus frenata'') by its plumage colour and markings, size, bill colour and calls.<ref name="long and boles" /><ref name="nyari">Nyari, A. S., and L. Joseph. 2011. Systematic dismantlement of Lichenostomus improves the basis for understanding relationships within the honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) and the historical development of Australo-Papuan bird communities. ''Emu'' 111.</ref> It was first collected in 1975 and described in 1983, making it the most recently described Australian bird species.<ref name="long and boles" /><ref name=nyari /> It occurs in the park, and also feeds in adjacent eucalypt woodlands.<ref name="low 93" />

The [[red-necked crake]] (''Rallina tricolor''), previously thought to only occur as far south as [[Townsville]], was first observed in the park in 1981.<ref>Woodall, P. F., and L. B. Woodall. 1983. The Red-necked Crake Rallina tricolor in Eungella National Park, Queensland. ''Sunbird'' 13:68-70</ref> The [[buff-breasted paradise kingfisher]] (''Tanysiptera sylvia'') and the [[white-browed robin]] (''Poecilodryas superciliosa'') are at the southern extent of their distribution at Eungella.<ref name=winter /> The [[regent bowerbird]] (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'') occurs at its northern limit in the park and surrounding area,<ref name="bristowe">Bristowe, E. K., H. Laybourne-Smith, and A. Lendon. 1972. Records from an ornithological tour of Queensland. ''The Sunbird'' 3:67-75</ref><ref name="chisolm">Chisholm, A. H. 1965. Bird-notes from Eungella. ''Emu'' 65:164.</ref><ref>Robertson, J. S. 1961. Mackay report. ''Emu'' 61:270-274.</ref> as do the [[brown thornbill]] (''Acanthiza pusilla'')<ref name=bristowe /><ref>Hopkins, N. 1971. The Brown Thornbill at Eungella - and extension of range. ''The Sunbird'' 82.</ref> and the [[glossy black cockatoo]] (''Calyptorhynchus lathami'').<ref>Pierce, R. 1984. Range extension of Glossy Black Cockatoos. ''Sunbird'' 14:10-11.</ref> [[Australian swiftlet]]s (''Aerodramus terraereginae'') breed in caves in the Finch Hatton Creek area,<ref name=chisolm /><ref>Smyth, D. M. 1976. The Grey Swiftlet colony at Finch Hatton Gorge. ''Sunbird'' 7:65-66.</ref> and one of the few Australian records of [[glossy swiftlet]] (''Collocalia esculenta'') was in the park.<ref>Boles, W. E., and D. H. Barry. 1975. Glossy Swiftlet at Eungella National Park, Qld. ''Sunbird'' 6:97-98.</ref>

===Amphibians===
A total of 16 amphibian species have been recorded in the park.<ref name="q gov 2015" /> Globally, amphibians have undergone rapid and extensive decline in recent decades, due in part to habitat loss and pollution, but unknown factors threaten almost half the species in decline.<ref name="stuart">Stuart, S. N., J. S. Chanson, N. A. Cox, B. E. Young, A. S. L. Rodrigues, D. L. Fischman, and R. W. Waller. 2004. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306:1783-1786.</ref> Amphibians are more threatened and are declining more rapidly than either birds or mammals.<ref name=stuart /> An exotic and highly-virulent [[pathogen]] may be contributing to the decline of rainforest frog species in eastern Australia.<ref>Laurance, W. F., K. R. McDonald, and R. Speare. 1996. Epidemic disease and the catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs. ''Conservation Biology'' 10:406-413.</ref> The causative agent may be the [[chytrid fungus]] ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'',<ref>Berger, L., R. Speare, and A. Hyatt. 1999. Chytrid fungus and amphibian declines: overview, implications and future directions. Pages 23-33 in A. Campbell, editor. Declines and disappearances of Australian frogs. Environment Australia, Canberra.</ref> although this has not as yet been detected in stream-dwelling frogs in the park.<ref name="qpws200">Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. 2000. Recovery plan for the stream-dwelling frogs of the Eungella region of mid eastern Queensland 2000-2004</ref>

Eungella National Park is recognised as one of eleven areas with high levels of [[frog]] endemism.<ref>Slatyer, C., D. Rosauer, and F. Lemckert. 2007. An assessment of endemism and species richness patterns in the Australian Anura. ''Journal of Biogeography'' 34:583-596.</ref> Of the three endemic frog species endemic, two are still believed to exist today, the [[Taudactylus eungellensis|Eungella dayfrog]] and the [[Eungella tinker frog]], while one species, the [[Rheobatrachus vitellinus|northern gastric brooding frog]], is believed extinct.<ref name="q gov 2015" /><ref name="clarke">Clarke, J. M. 2006. Habitat, microhabitat and calling behavior of ''Taudactylus pleione'' Czechura (Anura: Myobatrachidae) a critically endangered frog from central Queensland, Australia. Centre for Environmental Management. Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland.</ref> All three species are ground dwelling and their distribution is restricted to streams or areas close to streams in mid to high elevation rainforests.<ref name=qpws200 /><ref name=clarke />

The Eungella dayfrog was previously more common, but has declined in number and distribution in recent decades, and is now considered endangered at a state and federal level.<ref name="q gov 2015" /><ref name=clarke /> The peak breeding period for this species is between January and May, but tadpoles at all sizes and developmental stages can be found throughout the year.<ref>Retallick, R. W. R., and J.-M. Hero. 1998. The Tadpoles of ''Taudactylus eungellensis'' and ''T. liemi'' and a key to the stream-dwelling tadpoles of the Eungella rainforest in East-Central Queensland, Australia. Journal of Herpetology 32:304-309.</ref> This frog is one of only two species known to use body language, including small hops and movements of the arms and legs, to attract the attention of other frogs; a behaviour which may have evolved due to the noise of mountain streams rushing over rocks in its habitat making calling a less effective means of communication.<ref name=winter /><ref>Howes, J., and C. Smyth 1994. The edge of extinction: Australia's threatened wildlife. Gould League of Victoria, moorabbin, Victoria.</ref>

The Eungella tinkerfrog is considered near threatened in Queensland.<ref name="q gov 2015" /> It occurs between 180 and 1250m elevation, but is sparsely distributed and rarely seen.<ref name="hero">Hero, J., R. Alford, M. Cunningham, K. McDonald, J. Clarke, and R. Retallick. 2004. ''Taudactylus liemi''. The IUCN Red List of threatened species.</ref> Potential threats to this species include forest grazing, trampling by livestock, introduced species such as the [[cane toad]] (''Rhinella marina'') and the [[chytrid fungus]].<ref name=hero />

The northern gastric brooding frog (''Rheobatrachus vitellinus'') was discovered in January 1984, but has not been seen since March 1985 and is believed to be extinct.<ref name="q gov 2015" /><ref name=qpws200 /><ref>McNellie, M., and J. M. Hero. 1994. In search of the missing rainforest frogs of Eungella. Wildlife Australia 31:21-22.
</ref> It is one of only two species in the world known to brood its young in its stomach, with the mother swallowing fertilised eggs or early larval stages, before 'giving birth' through the mouth.<ref name=winter /> Its distribution was exclusively undisturbed rainforest within Eungella National Park at altitudes of 400-1000m, before it underwent a sudden range contraction and disappeared.<ref name=qpws200 />

===Mammals===
28 species of mammals have been recorded in the park.<ref name="q gov 2015" /> This includes several bat species including the [[little bent-wing bat]] (''Miniopterus australis''), [[eastern horseshoe bat]] (''Rhinolophus megaphyllus''), [[common blossom bat]] (''Syconycteris australis''), [[eastern forest bat]] (''Vespadelus pumilus''), [[eastern long-eared bat]] (''Nyctophilus bifax'') and [[grey-headed flying-fox]] (''Pteropus poliocephalus'').<ref name="q gov 2015" />

[[Platypus]] (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'') are often seen at the viewing platform at Broken River which is the most visited location in the park.<ref name="lindberg">Lindberg, K., and J. Denstadli, M. 2004. The impact of national park visitation on rural economies and government revenue in Queensland: examples of Girraween, Eungella, Daintree and Carnarvon. CRC for Sustainable Tourism, Pty, Ltd., Gold Coast, Queensland.</ref> They have an unusual foraging behaviour and are the only mammal known to use electrolocation for detecting prey.<ref>Scheich, H., G. Langer, C. Tidemann, R. B. Coles, and A. Guppy. 1986. Electroception and electrolocation in platypus. Nature 39:401-402.</ref> Platypus are generally found in slow-moving rivers and small pools and are highly adapted to a [[semi-aquatic]] life.<ref name="kruuk">Kruuk, H. 1993. The diving behaviour of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in waters with different trophic status. Journal of Applied Ecology 30:592-598.</ref> They have extremely dense fur, large webs on their feet extending well beyond the toenails, a broad, flat tail and excellent swimming ability, paddling with their forelegs in alternating strokes, with their hindlegs and tail trailing behind.<ref name=kruuk /> When foraging, captured prey is stored in two cheek pouches and later masticated and swallowed when the platypus surfaces.<ref name=kruuk /> An apparent feeding association has been noted between the [[azure kingfisher]] (''Ceyx azureus'') and the platypus at Eungella National Park, where the birds have been observed watching for fish disturbed by the platypus, before diving into the water in search of prey.<ref>Troughton, G. J., and S. Wray. 1994. An apparent feeding association between the Azure Kingfisher ''Ceyx azurea'' and the Platypus ''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''. ''Sunbird'' 24:45.</ref>

===Reptiles===
20 species of reptiles occur in the park.<ref name="q gov 2015" /> Three species of leaf-tailed geckos (''Phyllurus ossa, P. isis'' and ''P. nepthys'') occur in small rainforest patches in and around the park.<ref name="stuart fox">Stuart-Fox, D. M., C. J. Schneider, C. Moritz, and P. J. Couper. 2001. Comparative phylogeography of three rainforest-restricted lizards from mid-east Queensland. Australian Journal of Zoology 49:119-127.</ref> ''P. nepthys'' is endemic to the Clarke Range.<ref name="stuart fox" /> The recently discovered orange-sided rainforest skink (''Tumbunascincus luteilateralis'') is endemic to the area, and is restricted to upland rainforest above 900m in moist areas which contain rotting logs and palm fronds.<ref name=winter /><ref>Sadlier, R., P. J. Couper, E. Vanderduys, and E. Rickard. 2005. A new species of Scincid Lizard Saproscincus eungellensis, from mid-eastern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 51:559-571.</ref> The skink species ''Lampropholis basiliscus'' reaches its southern limit at Eungella.<ref name=winter />

===Insects===
There are several endemic or range-restricted insect species found in Eungella National Park.  A study of the order [[Diptera]] (flies) in seven rainforest locations found that the long-isolated, high elevation, rain-forested massif at Eungella were a unique entity in the analyses, characterized by high numbers of Chironomidae, Psychodidae, Tipulidae and Empididae.<ref name=Kitching /> Flies in the genus ''Cyamops'' including; ''C. pectinatus, C. dayi, C. delta'' and ''C. pectiatus'' have been collected in damp areas in the park including near streams, waterfalls and marshes.<ref>Khoo, K. C. 1984. The Australian species of Cyamops Melander (Diptera: Periscelididae). Australian Journal of Zoology 32:527-536.</ref> The fly species Drosophila birchii is restricted to patches of warm, wet tropical rainforest between New Guinea and Eungella.<ref>Kelemen, L., and C. Moritz. 1999. Comparative phylogeography of a sibling pair of rainforest Drosophila species (Drosophila serrata and D. birchii). Evolution 53:1306-1311.</ref>

The [[Tettigoniidae|katydid]] ''[[Phricta]] zwicka'' has been collected from Eungella National Park.<ref>Rentz, D. C., Y. N. Su, and N. Ueshima. 2005. Studies in Australian Tettigoniidae.  The genus ''Phricta'' Redtenbacher (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Pseudophyllinae; Phrictini). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 131:131-158.</ref> The Megalopteran ''Protochauliodes eungella'' is known only from the Eungella area.<ref>Theischinger, G. 1999. Inventory of Australian Megaloptera larvae and resulting implications for the classification of the group (Insecta: Neuropterida). Neue Folge 138:85-100.</ref> Two new species from the order Odonata were collected in the Eungella area; ''Austroaeschna christine'' and ''A. eungella''.<ref>Theischinger, G. 1993. Two new species of ''Austroaeschna'' SELYS from Queensland, Australia (Odonata: Aeshnidae: Brachytroninae). Linzer Biology 25:805-819.</ref> A survey of butterflies in the park undertaken in 1993 recorded 37 species with an additional 15 species known from museum and private records.<ref>Dunn, K. 2006. Butterfly checklist for five National Parks in eastern Australia: compiled unpublished reports sent to state conservation services during the 1990s. Caloderma 6:10-28.</ref>

===Crustaceans===
The Eungella spiny crayfish is unique to the creeks on the Clarke Range.<ref name=winter /> It is listed as critically endangered due to its limited range, fragmented distribution, habitat decline due to exotic species, such as feral pigs (''Sus scrofa''), red foxes (''Vulpes vulpes''), feral cats (''Felis catus'') and cane toads, and its [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerability to climate change]].<ref>furse, J., and J. Coughran. 2010. ''Eustacus eungella''.  The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species version 2014.3.</ref>